Cyber end effect activities fall into the two categories of cyber reconnaissance for intelligence gathering and cyber-attacks. The previously discussed activity of cyber exploitation is necessary in many cases to enable intelligence gathering and is always necessary for cyber-attacks. Some might argue that exploitation is not always needed to attack another system and that they could do things like denial-of-service attacks. An example of such an attack might be sending so much traffic to the target system that it cannot process it correctly and fails in some way. If we revisit our definition ...
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