Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks

List of fi gures

1.1 Traditional single-sink WSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 Multi-sink WSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.3 Typical WSAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.4 Architecture of a sensor node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.1 The HHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.1 The 16 frequency carriers used in each experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3.2 Measurement scenario over the grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3.3 PER as a function of the 16 channels over the grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3.4 Average received power as a function of the 16 channels over the grass . . . . . 50

3.5 Measurement scenario over aspahlt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

3.6 PER as a function of the 16 channels over asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

3.7 Average received power as a function of the 16 channels over asphalt . . . . . . 52

3.8 Measurement scenario on grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

3.9 PER as a function of the 16 channels on grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

3.10 Average received power as a function of the 16 channels on grass . . . . . . . . . 53

3.11 Average received power over grass at different height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

3.12 Average received power over asphalt at different height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

3.13 Node placement for urban environment characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3.14 Node placement for measurements in a parking lot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3.15 Average received power with antenna at 6 cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

3.16 Average received power with antenna at 80 cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

3.17 Average received power with antenna at 180 cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

3.18 Map of the indoor environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

3.19 Receiving position points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

3.20 Average received power for the different positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

3.21 The scenario considered for UWB measurements at WiLAB,

University of Bologna , Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

3.22 Example of measured multipath profi le at receiving location 1.

(LOS condition) Sampling interval 41.3 ps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

3.23 Example of measured multipath profi le at receiving location 10.

(NLOS condition) Sampling interval 41.3 ps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4.1 Poisson Point Process in a fi nite area A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

4.2 Link connectivity with or without shadowing effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

4.3 Example of nodes connection after two hops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

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