Workshop Statistics: Discovery with Data, Fourth Edition

Index

A

absolute deviation, 176

accepting null hypothesis, 389

aggregate (combined) proportions, 110

alternative hypothesis, 357, 368, 370, 422

before data collection, 426

direction of, 370

anecdotal evidence, 78

associated variables, 104, 114

association

causation vs., 578

cause-and-effect relationship and, 606, 607

comments about, 580

direction and, 581

form and, 581

linear vs. nonlinear relationships, 580

strength and, 581

tendencies and, 580

between variables, 571

“at least,” 256

“at most,” 256

average (mean), 55

quantitative variables, 36

axes

labeling of, 18, 26, 27, 140

scales on, 140

B

bar graphs, 17, 27, 137

categorical variables and, 18, 26, 137

segmented, 104, 113

vertical axis as proportion or percentage, 26

bell-shaped curve, 250, 261, 304

Benford model, 531

bias, 44, 67

precision and, 64, 65

sample size, 64

biased sampling, 35

confidence intervals and, 388

generalizations and, 449

inference procedures and, 382

tests of significance and, 388

biased sampling methods, 37, 56, 66

binary varibles

categorical

chi-square goodness-of-fit and, 529

binary variables, 4, 11

bins (subintervals), 135

blindness (experimental), 84, 88

confounding and, 88

Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking (Gladwell), 8, 316

boxplots, 197, 199, 210

comparisons and, 204

modified, 200

outliers and, 197, 200

reading and interpreting, 202–203

bumpiness (unevenness), 180, 187, 188

Bumpus, Hermon, 198

C

categorical data

inferences with, 519

categorical variables, 4, 11, 36, 101

analyzing, 113 ...