TrendsFigure 14.1: Potential System CapacityLimits to Fiber's GrowthSpectral EfficiencyForward Error CorrectionThe Hamming CodeFigure 14.2: Effect of an FEC Algorithm on System BER1R/2R/3R RegenerationFigure 14.3: 1R/2R/3R RegenerationSolitons, RZ, and NRZ TransmissionFigure 14.4: Typical Soliton PulseFigure 14.5: NRZ Data Format for 8-Bit Data Sequence (10011101) starting at time “1” and ending at time “9”Figure 14.6: RZ Data Format for 8-Bit Data Sequence (10011101) starting at time “1” and ending at time “9”Dispersion Managed Soliton TransmissionPMD CompensationFigure 14.7: PMD-limited Distance of OC-48, OC-192 and OC-768Figure 14.8: Overcoming Chromatic Dispersion and PMDUltra Long-Haul TelecommunicationsFigure 14.9: TDM versus DWDM Fiber Transmission CapacityLong-Haul, OC-192, Multichannel DWDM TransmissionThe Recirculating LoopFigure 14.10: Recirculating Loop SetupChapter SummarySelected References and Additional Reading