book

MDX Solutions: With Microsoft® SQL Server™ Analysis Services 2005 and Hyperion® Essbase, Second Edition

Name: MDX Solutions: With Microsoft® SQL Server™ Analysis Services 2005 and Hyperion® Essbase, Second Edition
ISBN: 9780471748083

by George Spofford, Sivakumar Harinath, Christopher Webb, Dylan Hai Huang, Francesco Civardi

March 2006

Intermediate to advanced

744 pages

16h 7m

English

Wiley

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Copyright
About the Authors
Credits
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Overview of the Book and TechnologyHow This Book Is OrganizedWhat's Not in This BookWho Should Read This BookTools You Will NeedWhat's on the Web SiteSummary
1. A First Introduction to MDX
1.1. What Is MDX?1.2. Query Basics1.3. Axis Framework: Names and Numbering1.4. Case Sensitivity and Layout1.5. Simple MDX Construction1.5.1. Comma (,) and Colon (:)1.5.2. .Members1.5.3. Getting the Children of a Member with .Children1.5.4. Getting the Descendants of a Member with Descendants()1.6. Removing Empty Slices from Query Results1.7. Comments in MDX1.8. The MDX Data Model: Tuples and Sets1.8.1. Tuples1.8.2. Sets1.8.3. Queries1.8.3.1. Queries with Zero Axes1.8.3.2. Axis-Only Queries1.9. More Basic Vocabulary1.9.1. CrossJoin()1.9.2. Filter()1.9.3. Order()1.10. Querying for Member Properties1.11. Querying Cell Properties1.12. Client Result Data Layout1.13. Summary
2. Introduction to MDX Calculated Members and Named Sets
2.1. Dimensional Calculations As Calculated Members2.2. Calculated Member Scopes2.2.1. Calculated Members and WITH Sections in Queries2.2.2. Formula Precedence (Solve Order)2.3. Basic Calculation Functions2.3.1. Arithmetic Operators2.3.2. Summary Statistical Operators2.3.3. Avg()2.3.4. Count(), .Count2.3.5. DistinctCount() (Microsoft extension)2.3.6. Sum()2.3.7. Max()2.3.8. Median()2.3.9. Min()2.3.10. NonEmptyCount() (Hyperion extension)2.3.11. Stdev(), Stddev()2.3.12. StdevP(), StddevP() (Microsoft Extension)2.3.13. Var(), Variance()2.3.14. VarP(), VarianceP() (Microsoft Extension)2.4. Additional Functions2.5. Introduction to Named Sets2.5.1. Named Set Scopes2.6. Summary
3. Common Calculations and Selections in MDX
3.1.3.1.1. Metadata Referencing Functions in MDX3.1.2. Many Kinds of Ratios, Averages, Percentages, and Allocations3.1.3. Percent Contribution (Simple Ratios between Levels in a Hierarchy)3.1.3.1. Percent Contribution to Total3.1.3.2. Using the .CurrentMember function3.1.3.3. Using the .Parent function3.1.3.4. Taking the Share-of-Parent Using .CurrentMember and .Parent3.1.3.5. Using the Ancestor() function3.1.3.6. Calculating the Share-of-Ancestor using .CurrentMember and Ancestor()3.1.3.7. Handling Division by Zero3.1.4. Basic Allocations3.1.4.1. Proportional Allocation of One Quantity Based on Ratios of Another3.1.4.2. Unweighted Allocations down the Hierarchy3.1.5. Averages3.1.5.1. Simple Averages3.1.5.2. Weighted Averages3.2. Time-Based References and Time-Series Calculations3.2.1. Period-to-Period References and Calculations3.2.2. Same-Period-Last-Year References and Calculations3.2.3. Year-to-Date (Period-to-Date) Aggregations3.2.4. Rolling Averages and 52-week High/Low3.3. Using LastPeriods() to Select Time Ranges Based on a Target Member3.4. Different Aggregations along Different Dimensions (Semi-Additive Measures Using MDX)3.4.1. Mixing Aggregations: Sum across Non-Time, Average/Min/Max along Time3.4.2. Mixing Aggregations: Sum across Non-time, Opening/Closing Balance along Time3.4.3. Carryover of Balances for Slowly Changing Values and Reporting of Last Entered Balance3.4.3.1. Finding the Last Child/Descendant with Data3.4.4. Finding the Last Time Member for Which Any Data Has Been Entered3.5. Using Member Properties in MDX Expressions (Calculations and Sorting)3.6. Handling Boundary Conditions (Members out of Range, Division by Zero, and More)3.6.1. Handling Insufficient Range Size3.6.2. Handling Insufficient Hierarchical Depth3.6.3. Handling a Wrong-Level Reference3.6.4. Handling Division by Zero3.7. Summary
4. MDX Query Context and Execution
4.1. Cell Context and Resolution Order in Queries4.1.1. The Execution Stages of a Query4.1.1.1. The .DefaultMember Function4.1.1.2. Default Context and Slicers4.1.1.3. The Simplest Query: All Context, Nothing Else4.1.1.4. The WHERE Clause: Default Context and Slicers4.1.1.5. Adding Axes to a Query4.1.1.6. Cell Context When Resolving Axes4.1.1.7. Overriding Slicer Context4.1.2. Cell Evaluation (For Any Cell)4.1.2.1. Drilling in on Solve Order and Recursive Evaluation4.1.3. Resolving NON EMPTY Axes4.1.4. Resolving the HAVING Clause in AS20054.1.5. Looping Context and .CurrentMember4.1.6. Interdependence of Members in AS2005: Strong Hierarchies, Autoexists, and Attribute Relationships4.1.6.1. Strong Hierarchies4.1.6.2. Autoexists4.2. Modifying the Cube Context in AS20054.2.1. CREATE SUBCUBE Described4.2.1.1. Subcube Restrictions and Attribute Relations4.2.1.2. Further Details of Specifying a Subcube4.2.1.3. Tuple Specifications for Subcubes4.2.1.4. Subcubes Based on Data Values4.2.1.5. Subcubes for Iterative Query Refinement4.2.1.6. Points to Consider When Using Subcubes4.2.2. Using SELECT in the FROM Clause in AS20054.2.3. Infinite Recursion: A "Gotcha" Related to Calculation Context4.2.4. Product-Specific Solve Order Use4.2.4.1. Use of Solve Order between Global, Session, and Query Calculations in Analysis Services 20054.2.4.1.1. The Aggregate() Function: A Helper with a Twist4.2.4.2. Use of Solve Orders in Essbase4.2.4.3. Use of Solve Orders in Analysis Services 20004.3. Nondata: Invalid Numbers, NULLs, and Invalid Members4.3.1. Invalid Calculations: Division by Zero and Numerical Errors4.3.2. Semantics of Empty Cells4.3.2.1. NULLs in Comparisons and Calculations4.3.2.1.1. NULLs in Analysis Services Calculations4.3.2.1.2. NULLs in Analysis Services Comparisons4.3.2.1.3. NULLs/MISSINGs in Essbase Calculations and Comparisons4.3.3. Invalid Locations4.4. Precedence of Cell Properties in Calculations4.4.1. Precedence of Display Formatting4.4.2. Data Types from Calculated Cells4.5. Cube Context in Actions4.6. Cube Context in KPIs4.7. Visibility of Definitions between Global, Session, and Query-Specific Calculations in Analysis Services 20054.8. Summary
5. Named Sets and Set Aliases
5.1. Named Sets: Scopes and Context5.2. Common Uses for Named Sets5.3. Set Aliases5.3.1. An Example of a Set Alias5.3.2. Set Aliases in More Detail5.3.3. When Set Aliases Are Required5.4. Summary

6. Sorting and Ranking in MDX
6.1. The Function Building Blocks6.2. Classic Top-N Selections6.2.1. Adding Ranking Numbers (Using the Rank() function)6.2.1.1. Handling Tied Ranks: Analysis Services6.2.2. Taking the Top-N Descendants or Other Related Members across a Set6.3. Getting the Fewest/Most Tuples to Reach a Threshold6.4. Retrieving the Top N Percent of Tuples6.4.1. Retrieving the Top N Percent of the Top N Percent6.5. Putting Members/Tuples in Dimension Order (Ancestors First or Last)6.6. Reversing a Set6.7. Summary
7. Advanced MDX Application Topics
7.1. Arranging Parents/Ancestors after Children, Not Before7.2. Returning the Subtree under a Member and the Ancestors of That Member Along with the Member7.3. Using Generate() to Turn Tuple Operations into Set Operations7.4. Calculating Dates/Date Arithmetic7.5. Defining Ratios against the Members Selected on Rows/Columns/Axes, Instead of against a Specific Dimension7.6. Report-Based Totals-to-Parent, Percentage Contribution to Report Totals7.6.1. Technique 1: Only Standard MDX Techniques7.6.2. Technique 2: Considering Using VisualTotals() in Analysis Services7.6.2.1. Using VisualTotals in Analysis Services 20007.6.2.2. Using VisualTotals in AS20057.6.3. Technique 3: Using AS2005 Subcubes7.7. Hierarchical Sorting That Skips Levels in the Hierarchy7.8. Sorting a Single Set on Multiple Criteria7.9. Multiple Layers or Dimensions of Sorting7.9.1. Sort Nested Dimensions with the Same Sorting Criterion for Each Dimension7.9.2. Sort Nested Dimensions by Different Criteria7.10. Pareto Analysis and Cumulative Sums7.11. Returning the Top-Selling Product (or Top-Selling Month or Other Most-Significant Name) As a Measure7.12. Most Recent Event for a Set of Selected Members7.13. How Long Did It Take to Accumulate This Many? (Building a Set That Sums Backward or Forward in Time)7.14. Aggregating by Multiplication (Product Instead of Sum)7.14.1. One Member Formula Calculating Different Things in Different Places7.15. Including All Tuples with Tied Ranking in Sets7.16. Time Analysis Utility Dimensions7.17. A Sample Analysis7.18. Summary
8. Using the Attribute Data Model of Microsoft Analysis Services
8.1. The Unified Dimensional Model (UDM)8.2. Dimensions8.2.1. Attributes, Hierarchies, and Relationships8.2.1.1. Attributes8.2.1.2. Hierarchies and Levels8.2.1.3. Relationships8.2.2. Querying Dimensions8.2.3. Member Properties8.2.4. Parent-Child Hierarchies8.2.5. Time Dimension8.3. Cubes8.3.1. Dimension Relationships8.3.2. Role-Playing Dimensions8.3.3. Perspectives8.3.4. Drill-Through8.4. The Calculation Model in UDM8.5. Defining Security on UDM8.6. Summary
9. Using Attribute Dimensions and Member Properties in Hyperion Essbase
9.1. UDAs and Attributes9.2. Retrieving UDAs and Attribute Values on Query Axes9.2.1. Predefined Attributes9.3. Using UDA and Attribute Values in Calculations9.4. Selecting Base Dimension Members Based on UDA and Attribute Values9.4.1. Using Attribute() to Select Members Based on Shared Attribute Values9.4.2. Using WithAttr() to Select Members Based on Attribute Values9.4.3. Using UDA() to Select Members Sharing a UDA Value9.5. Connecting Base Members to the Attribute Hierarchy with IN9.5.1. Connecting Base Members to Their Actual Attribute Member9.5.2. Connecting Attribute Members to Their Attribute Values9.6. Summary
10. Extending MDX through External Functions
10.1. Using Stored Procedures with MDX10.1.1. .NET Stored Procedures10.1.1.1. .NET Stored Procedure Parameters and Return Values10.2. ADOMD Server objects10.2.1. Expression10.2.2. TupleBuilder10.2.3. SetBuilder10.2.4. MDX10.2.5. Context10.2.6. Server Metadata Objects10.3. AMO .NET Management Stored Procedures10.4. Performance Considerations of Static Functions and Nonstatic Functions10.4.1. Debugging .NET Stored Procedures10.4.2. Additional Programming Aspects NULL, ERROR(), and Exception10.4.2.1. NULL Value As an Input Parameter10.4.2.2. NULL Value As an Output Parameter10.4.2.3. Exceptions during Execution10.4.2.4. Error() Function10.4.3. Using Stored Procedures for Dynamic Security10.4.4. COM DLL Stored Procedures10.5. Argument and Return-Type Details10.5.1. Passing Arrays of Values to COM Stored Procedures10.6. MDX Functions for Use with COM Stored Procedures10.6.1. SetToStr(), TupleToStr()10.6.2. Members(), StrToSet(), StrToTuple()10.7. External Function Example: Time Span until Sum10.8. Loading and Using Stored Procedures10.8.1. Security of Stored Procedures10.9. Stored Procedure Name Resolution10.10. Invoke Stored Procedures in MDX10.11. Additional Considerations for Stored Procedures10.12. Summary
11. Changing the Cube and Dimension Environment through MDX
11.1. Altering the Default Member for a Dimension in Your Session11.2. Dimension Writeback Operations11.2.1. Creating a New Member11.2.2. Moving a Member within Its Dimension11.2.3. Dropping a Member11.2.4. Updating a Member's Definition11.3. Refresh Cell Data and Dimension Members11.4. Writing Data Back to the Cube11.4.1. Standard Cell Writeback11.4.2. Commit and Rollback11.4.3. Using UPDATE CUBE11.5. Summary
12. The Many Ways to Calculate in Microsoft Analysis Services
12.1. Overview of Calculation Mechanisms12.1.1. Intrinsic Aggregation for a Measure12.1.2. Rollup by Unary Operator12.1.3. Custom Member Formula12.1.4. Calculated Member12.1.4.1. Defining a Calculated Member12.1.4.2. Dropping a Calculated Member12.1.5. Cell Calculation12.1.5.1. Defining a Cell Calculation12.1.5.2. Dropping a Cell Calculation12.1.6. Conditional Formatting12.2. How Types of Calculations Interact12.2.1. Interaction without Any Cell Calculations12.2.1.1. Precedence of Custom Member Formulas on Multiple Dimensions12.2.1.2. Precedence of Unary Operators on Multiple Dimensions12.2.2. Cell Calculation Passes12.2.2.1. Equation Solving and Financial Modeling12.2.3. Using Solve Order to Determine the Formula in a Pass12.2.4. Calculated Members Not Themselves Aggregated12.2.5. Intrinsic Aggregation of Custom Rollups, Custom Members, and Calculated Cell Results12.3. Tips on Using the Different Calculation Techniques12.4. Summary
13. MDX Scripting in Analysis Services 2005
13.1. MDX Scripting Basics13.1.1. What Is an MDX Script?13.1.2. The Calculate Statement13.1.3. Subcubes13.1.4. Assignments and Aggregation13.1.5. Assignments and Calculated Members13.1.6. Assignments and Named Sets13.2. MDX Scripting and More Complex Cubes13.2.1. Multiple Attribute Hierarchies13.2.2. User Hierarchies13.2.3. Parent/Child Attribute Hierarchies13.2.4. Many-to-Many Dimensions13.2.5. Fact Dimensions and Reference Dimensions13.2.6. Semi-additive and Nonadditive Measures13.2.7. Unary Operators and Custom Member Formulas13.3. Advanced MDX Scripting13.3.1. Defining Subcubes with SCOPE13.3.2. Assignments That Are MDX Expressions13.3.3. Assigning Error Values to Subcubes13.3.4. Assigning Cell Property Values to Subcubes13.3.5. Conditional Assignments13.4. Real-World MDX Scripts13.4.1. The Time Intelligence Wizard13.4.2. Basic Allocations Revisited13.5. Summary
14. Enriching the Client Interaction
14.1. Using Drill-Through14.1.1. Improvements and Changes in Microsoft Analysis Services 2005 for Drill-Through14.1.2. MDX for Drill-Through14.1.3. Programmatic Aspects of Drill-Through14.1.4. MDX for Drill-Through II14.1.5. Drill-Through Security14.2. Using Actions14.2.1. What Can You Do with an Action?14.2.2. Targets for Actions14.2.3. Defining an Action14.2.4. Programmatic Aspects of Actions14.2.5. Dropping an Action14.3. Using KPIs14.3.1. Creating KPI14.3.2. MDX KPI Function14.3.3. Using KPI14.4. Summary
15. Client Programming Basics
15.1. ADOMD.NET Basics15.1.1. Prerequisites15.1.2. Making a Connection15.2. Working with Metadata15.2.1. Retrieving Schema Rowsets15.2.1.1. Interoperability Considerations When Using Schema Rowsets15.2.2. Working with the Metadata Object Model15.2.2.1. Interoperability Considerations When Working with the Metadata Object Model15.2.2.2. Dimension Particularities15.2.2.3. Handling ADOMD.NET Metadata Caching15.3. Executing a Query15.3.1. Executing Commands15.3.2. Parameterized Commands15.3.3. Working with the CellSet Object15.3.3.1. OlapInfo Holds Metadata15.3.3.2. Axes Hold Axis Information15.3.3.3. Cells Hold Cell Information15.3.4. Further Details on Retrieving Information from a Query15.3.4.1. Retrieving Member Property Information15.3.4.2. Retrieving Additional Member Information15.3.4.3. Further Details about Retrieving Cell Data15.3.4.4. Retrieving Drill-Through Data As a Recordset15.3.5. Key Performance Indicators15.4. Executing Actions15.5. Handling "Flattened" MDX Results15.5.1. DataReader and Tabular Results for MDX Queries15.5.1.1. Axis 015.5.1.1.1. Analysis Services 2005 Cell Property Behavior15.5.1.2. Other Axes15.6. Summary
16. Optimizing MDX
16.1. Architecture Change from Analysis Services 2000 to 200516.2. Optimizing Set Operations16.2.1. Sums along Cross-Joined Sets16.2.2. Filtering across Cross-Joined Sets16.2.3. Optimizing TopCount() and BottomCount()16.2.4. NonEmpty function In Analysis Services 200516.2.5. Optimizing Sorting: Order()16.2.6. UnOrder Function for a Query with a Large Dataset16.3. Optimizing Summation16.4. Designing Calculations into Your Database (Putting Member Properties into Measures and the New MDX function MemberValue)16.5. MDX Script Optimization16.5.1. Scope the Calculation in Detail16.5.2. Avoid Leaf-Level Calculations16.5.3. Cube Design to Avoid Leaf-Level Calculation16.5.4. Measure Expression to Optimize Leaf-Level Calculation16.5.5. MDX Script Optimization for Leaf-Level Calculation16.5.5.1. Avoid Unnecessary Leaf-Level Calculation16.5.5.2. Using NONEMPTY for Higher-Level Calculations16.5.5.3. Using NonemptyBehavior to Provide a Hint for Server Calculations16.5.6. Analysis Service 2005: Use Attribute Hierarchy Instead of Member Property16.5.7. Analysis Service 2005: Use Scope Instead of IIF16.5.8. Avoid Slow Functions in MDX Scripts16.5.9. Change the Calculation Logic for Better Performance: Flow Calculation16.5.10. Use Server Native Features Rather Than Scripts for Aggregation-Related Calculations16.6. Summary
17. Working with Local Cubes
17.1. Choosing Which Syntax to Use17.2. Using the CREATE CUBE Statement17.2.1. Overview of the Process17.2.2. Anatomy of the CREATE CUBE Statement17.2.3. Defining Dimensions17.2.3.1. Overall Dimension17.2.3.2. Named Hierarchies17.2.3.3. Levels17.2.3.4. Member Properties17.2.3.5. FORMAT_NAME and FORMAT_KEY17.2.4. Defining Measures17.2.5. Adding Commands17.2.6. ROLAP versus MOLAP17.2.7. Anatomy of the INSERT INTO Statement17.2.8. Cube Targets17.2.8.1. Regular Dimension Levels17.2.8.2. Parent-Child Dimensions17.2.8.3. Member Properties17.2.8.4. Custom Rollups17.2.8.5. Measures17.2.8.6. Column Placeholders in the Targets17.2.9. Options for the INSERT INTO17.2.10. The SELECT Clause17.2.10.1. Select Statements That Are Not SQL17.2.10.2. More Advanced Programming: Using Rowsets in Memory17.2.11. Tips for Construction17.2.12. Local Cubes from Server Cubes17.2.13. Rollups and Custom Member Formulas17.3. Using the CREATE GLOBAL CUBE Statement17.3.1. Overview of the Process17.3.2. Anatomy of the CREATE GLOBAL CUBE Statement17.3.3. Defining Measures17.3.4. Defining Dimensions17.3.5. Defining Levels17.3.6. Defining Members for Slicing17.3.7. Things to Look Out For17.4. Using Analysis Services Scripting Language17.4.1. Overview of the Process17.4.2. Anatomy of an ASSL Statement17.4.3. Security17.5. Summary
A. MDX Function and Operator Reference
A.1. Index to FunctionsA.1.1. Alphabetical IndexA.1.2. Return Type IndexA.1.2.1. NumberA.1.2.2. StringA.1.2.3. LogicalA.1.2.4. MemberA.1.2.5. TupleA.1.2.6. SetA.1.2.7. Dimension, Hierarchy, and LevelA.1.2.8. MiscellaneousA.2. Basic OperatorsA.2.1. Value OperatorsA.2.2. Constructing TuplesA.2.3. Constructing SetsA.3. Standard MDX Operators Not Supported by Microsoft Analysis ServicesA.4. Function and Operator ReferenceA.4.1. AA.4.2. BA.4.3. CA.4.4. CASEA.4.5. DA.4.6. EA.4.7. FA.4.8. GA.4.9. HA.4.10. IA.4.11. KA.4.12. LA.4.13. MA.4.14. NA.4.15. OA.4.15.1. Preserving Hierarchy: Set Containing One DimensionA.4.15.2. Preserving Hierarchy: Set Containing Multiple DimensionsA.4.16. PA.4.17. QA.4.18. RA.4.19. SA.4.20. TA.4.21. UA.4.22. VA.4.23. WA.4.24. XA.4.25. Y
B. Connection Parameters That Affect MDX
B.1. Auto Synch PeriodB.2. Cache PolicyB.3. Cache RatioB.4. Cache Ratio2B.5. CompareCaseNotSensitiveStringFlagsB.6. CompareCaseSensitiveStringFlagsB.7. CreateCubeB.8. CubeB.9. CustomDataB.10. Data SourceB.11. Default MDX Visual ModeB.12. Execution LocationB.13. Initial CatalogB.14. InsertIntoB.15. Large Level ThresholdB.16. Locale IdentifierB.17. Log FileB.18. MDX CompatibilityB.19. MDX Missing Member ModeB.20. MDX Unique Name StyleB.21. Non Empty ThresholdB.22. Real Time OLAPB.23. Restricted ClientB.24. RolesB.25. Safety OptionsB.26. Secured Cell ValueB.27. Source_DSNB.28. Source_DSN_SuffixB.29. UseExistingFile
C. Intrinsic Cell and Member Properties
C.1. Member PropertiesC.2. Cell Properties
D. Format String Codes
D.1. Formatting Numeric ValuesD.2. Date ValuesD.3. String ValuesD.4. Conditional Formatting

Overview

Serving as both a tutorial and a reference guide to the MDX (Multidimensional Expressions) query language, this book shows data warehouse developers what they need to know to build effective multidimensional data warehouses
After a brief overview of the MDX language and a look at how it is used to access data in sophisticated, multidimensional databases and data warehousing, the authors move directly to providing practical examples of MDX in use
New material covers changes in the MDX language itself as well as major changes in its implementation with the latest software releases of Microsoft SQL Server Analysis Services 2005 and Hyperion Essbase
Also covers more advanced techniques, like aggregation, query templates, and MDX optimization, and shows users what they need to know to access and analyze data to make better business decisions

Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file.

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