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Encyclopedia of Technology and Innovation Management

Name: Encyclopedia of Technology and Innovation Management
ISBN: 9781405160490

by V. K. Narayanan, Gina Colarelli O'Connor

March 2010

Intermediate to advanced

560 pages

27h 3m

English

Wiley-Blackwell

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Copyright
Board of Advisors
Preface
About the Editors
List of Contributors
I. Technology-specific Concepts
1. Technology: Discourse and Possibility
1.1. Technology's social context1.2. Technology's objectivity and language1.3. A constructivist approach1.4. Bibliography
2. Technology Evolution
2.1. The nature of technological creativity2.2. How technology evolves2.2.1. Long swings and the evolution of technology2.2.2. The sources of technology evolution2.3. The diffusion curve2.4. Path dependence2.5. The geography of technological progress2.6. Technology transfer2.7. Conclusion2.8. References
3. Technology Transition
3.1. Introduction3.1.1. Technology transition3.2. Shape of technological evolution3.3. Technological transition and performance of competing technologies3.4. Dimensions of technological competition3.5. Conclusions3.6. References
4. Technology Intelligence
4.1. Scope of technology intelligence14.2. Objectives of technology intelligence–gathering4.3. Functions of TI4.3.1. 4.3.1 TI surveys technologies4.3.2. 4.3.2 TI aims at surveying both current and future technologies4.3.3. 4.3.3 TI involves tracking competitors4.4. Sources for TI4.5. Methods of TI4.6. Tools of TI4.7. Deliverables, techniques, and format4.8. The players in the TI process4.9. Conclusion and managerial implications4.10. References

5. Technology Forecasting
5.1. Introduction5.2. Historical background5.3. Frameworks for forecasting5.3.1. Form specification and intelligence gathering5.3.2. Scanning5.4. Data sources5.4.1. Patents5.4.2. Other data sources5.5. Forecasting methodologies5.6. Social and economic factors5.7. Simulating the future5.8. Trends in forecasting and future directions5.9. Closing comments5.10. Bibliography
6. Disruptive Technology
6.1. References
7. Intellectual Property
7.1. Introduction7.2. Categories7.2.1. 7.2.1 Patent7.2.2. 7.2.2 Copyright7.2.3. 7.2.3 Trademark7.2.4. 7.2.4 Trade secrets7.2.5. 7.2.5 Computers and technology7.3. History of intellectual property development7.3.1. 7.3.1 The West7.3.1.1. Patent7.3.1.2. Copyright7.3.1.3. Trademark7.3.2. 7.3.2 The rest of the world7.4. Current and emerging issues7.5. Bibliography
8. Options and the Analysis of Technology Projects
8.1. Basic concepts8.2. Example of real-options analysis8.3. Conclusion8.4. References
9. Technology and Innovation Management: Financing Technology
9.1. Introduction9.2. Problems in financing innovation: adverse selection and moral hazard9.3. The problem of project valuation9.4. Financing options9.5. Bootstrapping9.6. Angel investors9.7. Royalty financing9.8. Private placement9.9. Venture philanthropy9.10. Research parks9.11. Local/State/Federal programs9.12. Asset-based lending9.13. Venture capital9.14. Mergers and acquisitions9.15. SWORDs and spinouts9.16. Outsourcing9.17. Public markets9.18. PIPEs (private investment in public entities)9.19. Strategic alliances/partnerships9.20. Conclusion9.21. References
II. Industry Level
10. Innovation-driven Industry Life Cycles
10.1. Introduction10.1.1. Industry, product, or technology life cycle?10.1.2. Abernathy–Utterback ILC10.2. Challenges10.3. Evidence10.3.1. Evidence in support of ILC10.3.2. Evidence contradictory to ILC10.3.3. Reconciling the evidence: boundary conditions10.4. Competitive dynamics over the industry life cycle10.4.1. Fluid stage: product experimentation10.4.2. Transition: battles for dominance10.4.3. Specific phase: stabilizing processes10.4.4. Timing investments10.5. References
11. Technological Characteristics of Industries
11.1. Frameworks for examining technological characteristics of industries11.2. A note on the technological characteristics of service industries11.3. Conclusion11.4. References
12. Competitive Dynamics in High-technology Industries
12.1. Introduction12.2. The timing of competitive entry12.3. Incremental, breakthrough, and architectural innovation12.4. Standard-setting and dominant designs12.5. Concluding remarks12.6. References
III. Innovation
13. Types of Innovation
13.1. Product/Service versus process innovations13.2. Radical versus incremental innovations13.3. Technological versus administrative innovations13.4. Disruptive versus sustaining innovations13.5. Architectural versus modular innovations13.6. Putting it all together: the product portfolio13.7. References
14. Sources of Innovation
14.1. Demand-side sources of innovation14.2. Supply-side sources of innovation14.3. Drucker's sources of innovation14.4. An integrated dynamic model of innovation14.5. Identifies and exploits opportunities14.6. Creates opportunities14.6.1. Missing opportunities14.6.2. Serves customers14.7. Conclusions14.8. References
15. Innovation Models
15.1. What are innovation models?15.2. Static and dynamic innovation models15.2.1. Static models15.2.1.1. Schumpeter15.2.1.2. Abernathy–Clark15.2.1.3. Henderson–Clark15.2.1.4. Teece model15.2.2. Dynamic models15.2.2.1. Utterback–Abernathy15.2.2.2. Tushman–Rosenkopf15.2.2.3. Foster's S-curve15.3. Integrated model and framework15.4. Summary15.5. References
16. Diffusion of Innovation
16.1. The Rogers' diffusion model16.2. The Moore diffusion model16.3. Using diffusion models for sales prediction16.4. Final thoughts: global product diffusion16.5. Bibliography
17. Consumer Adoption of Technological Innovations
17.1. Existing functionality and existing interface17.2. Existing functionality and new interface17.3. New functionality and existing interface17.4. New functionality and new interface17.5. References
IV. Firm Level
18. Open Innovation
18.1. Introduction18.1.1. Factors encouraging open innovation18.2. Increasing complexity18.2.1. Emerging issues in open innovation18.3. References
19. Technology Strategy
19.1. Formulating technology strategy19.1.1. Core technologies19.1.2. Technological pioneering strategy19.1.3. Technology standards19.1.4. Technological discontinuities19.2. Organizing for technology strategy19.2.1. Technology alliances19.2.2. R&D intensity19.2.3. Managing scientific human resources19.3. References
20. Absorptive Capacity and Technological Innovation
20.1. The concept and its dimensions20.2. Absorptive capacity and technological innovation20.3. Absorptive capacity, learning, and building innovative capability20.4. Conclusion20.5. References
21. The Generations of R&D and Innovation Management
21.1. First-generation R&D (1G)21.2. Second-generation R&D and innovation management (2G)21.3. Third-generation R&D and innovation management (3G)21.4. Fourth-generation R&D and innovation management (4G)21.5. Summary21.6. References
22. Dual Career Ladders in Organizations
22.1. Bibliography
23. Human Resources in R&D
23.1. Human resources planning23.2. Rewards23.3. Appraising performance23.4. Career management23.5. Cross-functional teams and global virtual teams23.6. Leading to networked scientists and engineers23.7. Knowledge and creativity management23.8. Demographic diversity23.9. Electronic technology23.10. Outsourcing23.11. Where to go in the field of managing scientists and engineers23.12. References
24. The Stage-Gate ® Product Innovation System: From Idea to Launch
24.1. What is a Stage-Gate® system?24.2. The need for a formal new-product process24.3. A little history: the roots of Stage-Gate24.4. Research that led to Stage-Gate24.5. How Stage-Gate works24.5.1. The stages24.5.2. The gates or go/kill decision points24.5.3. Built-in success factors24.6. Advancements in the system: NexGen Stage Gate®24.7. Conclusion24.8. References
25. Learning and Experience
25.1. Introduction25.2. What is knowledge?25.3. Converting individual knowledge into organizational learning25.4. Different ways of learning25.5. Learning how to learn25.6. References
26. New-product Development Innovation and Commercialization Processes
26.1. History of product development processes26.2. The overall innovation process26.3. The fuzzy front end of innovation: creating the concept26.4. Gaining project acceptance: from concept to formal project26.5. Project implementation: from project to product launch26.6. The whole innovation process: more than the sum of the parts26.7. References
27. Service Innovation
27.1. Published examples of service innovation27.2. Manufacturing firms offering significant new-service innovations27.2.1. GM OnStar27.2.2. John Deere remote machine–monitoring system27.2.3. Stryker Physiotherapy Associates27.2.4. Caterpillar tractor remanufacturing services27.2.5. United Technologies' Pratt & Whitney parts services27.2.6. United Technologies' Otis Elevator's OTISLINE27.3. Incumbent service with innovative offerings27.3.1. Starwood Hotels and six-sigma innovation27.3.2. Bank of America and new-branch banking27.3.3. HSBC and green banking27.3.4. Parkland Hospital and emergency room kiosks27.3.5. Levi Strauss and disruptive khakis27.4. New-entrant service innovations27.4.1. RockBottomGolf.com and online retailing27.4.2. CB2: new retail market segments27.4.3. Zipcar and car-sharing services27.4.4. Askmen.com and pacing growth27.4.5. Trader Joe's and store branding27.5. An evolving model of service innovation27.6. References
28. Process Innovation in Operations
28.1. Flexible operations28.2. Mass customization28.3. Synchronous innovation28.4. Assessing the benefits of advanced manufacturing technologies: the role of context28.4.1. Organization strategy28.4.2. Organization structure28.4.3. Organization culture28.4.4. HRM practices28.5. Conclusion28.6. References
29. Organizing for Innovation
29.1. A brief history of organizing for innovation: from structure to systems to teams29.1.1. Systematic task assignment29.1.2. The birth of the bureaucratic organization29.1.3. Early organization theorists29.1.4. Organization and strategy29.1.5. "Organic" and "mechanistic" organization29.1.6. Organizing for innovation29.1.7. Innovation in teams29.1.8. Networks of innovation29.2. From innovation structures to innovation networks29.3. Alternative approaches to innovation: the challenges of constraints29.3.1. Innovation for fun and profit29.3.2. A process/cultural approach to innovation29.3.3. Innovation due to serendipitous resource couplings29.4. Innovation and institutional infrastructure29.4.1. The open innovation model29.5. References
30. The Concept of Corporate Entrepreneurship
30.1. Introduction30.2. The concept of corporate venturing30.2.1. Motives for corporate venturing30.2.2. Corporate venture capital30.3. The concept of strategic entrepreneurship30.3.1. The forms of strategic entrepreneurship30.4. Summary30.5. References
31. Intellectual Property Strategy at the Firm Level
31.1. Intellectual capital: types and options31.2. Patent strategies for the firm31.3. Patents as strategic levers31.4. The industry effect31.5. The U.S. IPR system and its discontents in a global economy31.6. Conclusions31.7. References
V. Project Level Concepts
32. Innovation Teams
32.1. Definition of innovation teams32.1.1. Heavyweight versus lightweight teams32.1.2. Team formation and size32.1.3. Diversity of teams32.1.4. Team proximity32.2. Team process32.2.1. Characteristics of effective team members and teams32.2.2. Teamwork32.2.3. Rewards32.3. Leadership of innovation teams32.4. Conclusion32.5. References
33. Understanding Customer Needs
33.1. Techniques for deeply understanding customer needs33.2. References
34. The Front End of Innovation in Large Established Firms
34.1. Introduction34.2. Front end of innovation for exploitation projects34.2.1. Process and practices34.2.2. Project initiation and selection34.3. Front end of innovation for exploration projects aligned with the value network34.3.1. Process and practices34.3.2. Project initiation and selection34.4. Front end of innovation for exploration projects not aligned with the value network34.4.1. Process and practices34.4.2. Project initiation and selection34.5. Summary and conclusions34.6. References
35. Project Management under High Uncertainty
35.1. Project management methodologies and tools35.1.1. Variation and buffers35.1.2. Project risk management and contingency planning35.1.3. Residual risk management35.2. Types of uncertainty and unforeseeable uncertainty35.3. Approaches to unforeseeable uncertainty35.4. Project management phases35.5. References
36. Evaluating Innovation Projects
36.1. Adopting different evaluation approaches for different projects36.2. Why is project evaluation important?36.3. How should project evaluation be conducted?36.4. When should project evaluation occur?36.5. What criteria should be used for project evaluation?36.6. Who should conduct project evaluation?36.7. Project evaluation:an opportunity for creating competitive advantage36.8. References
37. Managing Project–Organization Coupling in Breakthrough Innovation
37.1. Models of the innovation project/host organization interface37.2. Aim of this chapter37.3. Loosely coupled systems for corporate entrepreneurship37.3.1. The discovery of loosening and coupling mechanisms37.3.2. Dynamics of loosely coupled systems: managing independence37.4. Discussion37.5. Epilogue: tools for managing the project–organization linkage37.6. References
38. Promotors and Champions of Innovation: Barriers to Innovation and Innovator Roles
38.1. Promotors and champions overcoming barriers38.1.1. Five innovator roles38.1.2. Cooperation between promotors38.1.3. Role combination and role plurality38.1.4. Dynamics of promotor roles38.2. Limitations of the promotor concept38.3. References and further reading
VI. National Innovation Systems
39. Innovation at the National Level
39.1. National innovation systems39.2. Evolution of NIS scholarship39.3. Theoretical foundations of the NIS concept39.4. Impact on policy making39.5. A comparison of the featured case studies of nations39.6. Government influences39.7. Diversity of technologies39.8. Socio-cultural factors39.9. Conclusion39.10. References
40. Australia's National Innovation System
40.1. Introduction and historical overview40.2. Summary of output trends40.2.1. Innovation in a relatively small and remote resource-based economy40.2.2. Inputs to innovation340.2.3. Characteristics of R&D activity in Australia40.2.4. Innovation-related outputs40.3. Technology commercialization initiatives40.4. National innovation policy40.5. Relative strengths and weaknesses in technology40.6. Funds flow for innovation40.7. Cultural and political drivers influencing the NIS1040.8. Conclusion40.9. References
41. Evolution of China's National Innovation System and Its Challenges in Technological Development
41.1. Introduction41.2. Evolution of China's innovation system41.3. Technology commercialization and science–industry linkage41.4. Challenges of technology development41.5. Building the innovation infrastructure: policy-oriented41.5.1. 41.5.1 The development of intellectual property rights: patents41.5.2. 41.5.2 International openness and the utilization of external technology41.6. Skipping stage of industrial development41.7. Concluding remarks41.8. References
42. The National Innovation System in Taiwan
42.1. Introduction42.2. The history of Taiwan's NIS development442.3. Taiwan's NIS infrastructure42.3.1. Executive organizations42.3.1.1. National Science Council of the Executive Yuan NSC)742.3.1.2. The Science and Technology Advisory Group of the Executive Yuan (STAG)842.3.1.3. The Executive Yuan Technology Strategic Review Board (SRB)42.3.1.4. The Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA)942.3.1.5. Department of Industrial Technology (DoIT)1042.3.1.6. The Small and Medium Enterprise Administration SMEA)1342.3.1.7. The Council of Agriculture (COA)1442.3.1.8. The Ministry of Education (MOE)1542.3.2. Implementing organizations42.3.2.1. Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI)1642.3.2.2. Development Center for Biotechnology (DCB)1742.3.2.3. National Health Research Institute (NHRI)1842.3.2.4. Institute for Information Industry (III)1942.3.3. Planning and assessment system42.3.3.1. Planning and approval42.4. The policy-forming process of Taiwan's NIS42.4.1. National S&T Conference42.4.2. STAG Advisory Board Meeting of the Executive Yuan42.5. The resources and outputs of Taiwan's NIS2042.4.3. Expenditure42.4.3.1. Central government's S&T budget42.4.3.2. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD)42.4.3.3. R&D expenditure by type of R&D42.4.4. Workforce42.4.4.1. Human resources42.4.4.2. Total R&D personnel42.4.5. output42.4.5.1. National competitiveness World Economic Forum42.4.6. S&T development output indicators42.4.6.1. Performance in academic papers and patents42.4.6.2. Technology balance of payments42.6. The challenges of Taiwan's NIS42.5.1. Structural problems42.5.1.1. The disparity between impressive patent achievement and huge technology trade imbalance42.5.1.2. The inadequacy of Taiwan's innovation value chain42.5.1.3. Insufficient R&D investment42.5.1.4. Inadequate funding for higher education42.5.1.5. Lack of qualified, high-level R&D personnel42.5.2. International factors42.5.2.1. The China factor42.5.2.2. Global R&D outsourcing42.7. Conclusion42.8. References
43. The National Innovation System in Singapore
43.1. History of technological development in Singapore43.1.1. Government-linked corporations43.1.2. Multinational corporations43.1.3. Small and medium-size enterprises43.1.4. Technology trajectory43.2. National innovation policy and policy-making agencies43.2.1. National Science and Technology Plans43.2.2. Research, Innovation, & Enterprise Council43.2.3. National Research Foundation43.2.4. The Scientific Advisory Board (SAB)43.3. Elements of the National Innovation System43.3.1. Science parks43.3.2. Government-sponsored research agencies43.3.3. The Agency for Science, Technology, and Research43.4. The critical role of education43.5. National technology commercialization initiatives43.5.1. Funds flow for innovation43.5.2. Exploit technologies43.6. Summary of innovation output trends43.7. Conclusion43.8. References
44. The Indian Innovation System
44.1. Introduction44.1.1. Theself-reliance phase44.1.2. The deregulation phase44.1.2. Output trends44.3. Commercialization of technology44.4. National Innovation Policy44.5. Strengths in technology and innovation44.6. Challenges faced by the innovation system and future directions44.1.3. Challenges44.1.4. Future directions44.7. References
45. Japan's National Innovation System
45.1. Introduction45.2. Japan's indigenous explicit capacity45.3.1. 45.2.1 Japan's development trajectory45.3.2. 45.2.2 Government support for industry R&D45.3.3. 45.2.3 Japan's indigenous institutional systems for innovation45.3. Industrial technology policy as a system45.4.1. 45.3.1 Science and technology policy45.4.2. 45.3.2 METI's inducing policy45.4.3. 45.3.3 Vision as a soft-policy instrument45.4.4. 45.3.4 National R&D program45.4. Miscalculation of the growth trajectory and then a surge of reactivation45.5.1. 45.4.1 Japan's contrast between co-evolution and its disengagement45.5.2. 45.4.2 Surge in thereactivation of co-evolutionary dynamism45.5. Hybrid management fusing the East and the West45.6.1. 45.5.1 Japan's indigenous potential in fusing45.6.2. 45.5.2 Surge in reactivation45.6.3. 45.5.3 Global co-evolution for sustainabledevelopment45.6. Conclusion45.7. References and further reading
46. The National Innovation System of the Russian Federation
46.1. Introduction46.2. R&D funding46.3. Institutions of development46.4. Programs and priorities46.5. Strengths and weaknesses46.6. Innovation in Russia46.7. Looking to the future46.8. References
47. The National Innovation System in Germany
47.1. Brief history and description of the National Innovation System in Germany47.1.1. Current institutional structure and its evolution47.1.2. The Science Council47.1.3. The German Research Foundation47.1.4. The Hermann von Helmholtz Association of Research Centers47.1.5. The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science47.1.6. The Fraunhofer Society47.1.7. The Leibniz Science Association47.1.8. The Center for Advanced European Studies and Research (CAESAR) Foundation47.2. Summary of output trends (R&D expenditure, patents, etc.)47.3. Technology commercialization initiatives (national level)47.4. National technology policy47.4.9. Innovation strategy47.4.10. Germany as a location for research and innovation47.4.11. The Joint Initiative for Research and Innovation47.4.12. The €6,000 million program for research and development47.5. Relative strengths and weaknesses in technology47.6. Funds flow for innovation47.7. Cultural and political drivers47.6.13. Education system47.6.14. Higher education47.6.15. Initiative for Excellence47.6.16. Vocational education and training47.6.17. Dual training47.8. Conclusion47.9. References
48. The National Innovation System of Finland
48.1. Introduction148.2. National technology policy: emergence48.3. Institutions48.3.1. Technology and science parks48.3.2. Educational system48.3.3. Toward research corporations48.4. Funding48.5. Output trends and performance compared internationally48.6. Looking to the future48.7. References
49. The Dutch Innovation System: Raising the Lowland?
49.1. A brief history of the Dutch NIS from a national point of view49.1.1. Dutch economic history after World War II49.1.2. Innovation in the Netherlands after World War II49.1.3. Concluding remarks on the historical development of the Dutch NIS49.2. Summary of output and trends (R&D expenditure, patents)49.3. Technology policy and commercialization initiatives at the national level49.4. Relative strengths and weaknesses in technology49.4.1. An ad hoc analysis of the Dutch innovation system49.4.2. The Dutch innovation system from a cyclical perspective49.4.3. An analysis of the Dutch innovation system on the basis of the functions of innovation systems49.5. Funds flow for innovation1249.6. Cultural and political drivers influencing the NIS49.7. Concluding remarks49.8. References
50. The National Innovation System of Italy
50.1. Introduction50.2. A brief history of the Italian NIS: the dual-economy dilemma50.3. Summary of output trends50.4. Technology commercialization initiatives50.5. National technology policy, including current technology commercialization initiatives at the national level50.6. Relative strengths and weaknesses in technology50.7. Funds flow for innovation50.8. Cultural and political drivers influencing the NIS50.9. Conclusion50.10. References
51. The National Innovation System of Ireland
51.1. A brief history51.1.1. Technology trajectories51.1.2. Current institutional structures and evolution51.1.2.1. Public and private institutions and their linkages51.2. Summary of output trends51.3. Technology commercialization initiatives (national level)51.3.1. Private firm–level state support of SSTI51.4. Relative strengths and weaknesses in technology51.5. Funds flow for innovation51.6. Cultural drivers51.7. References
52. The U.S. National Innovation System
52.1. Nature and development of the U.S. National Innovation System52.1.1. 52.1.1 Underlying conditions for innovation52.1.1.1. 52.1.1.1 Incentives52.1.1.2. 52.1.1.2 Government support52.1.1.3. 52.1.1.3 Mix of entrepreneurial and large-firmcapitalism52.1.1.4. 52.1.14 Societal institutions52.1.2. 52.1.2 Breadth of technology52.1.3. 52.1.3 Institutions52.2. Trends in R&D and R&D output52.2.1. 52.2.1 R&D expenditures52.2.1.1. 52.2.1.2 Defense and civilian programs52.2.1.2. 52.2.1.3 Industry, government, universities, and non-profits52.2.1.3. 52.2.1.4 R&D by industry52.2.1.4. 52.2.1.5 R&D by firm size52.2.1.5. 52.2.1.6 R&D bystate52.2.2. 52.2.2 R&D workforce52.2.3. 52.2.3 R&D output as indicated by patents52.2.3.1. 52.2.3.1 Long-term U.S. patent trend52.2.3.2. 52.2.3.2 Internationalization of U.S. patent ownership52.2.3.3. 52.2.3.3 Organization types of U.S. patent assignees52.2.3.4. 52.2.3.4 Top patenting corporations52.2.3.5. 52.2.3.5 Technologyclasses52.2.3.6. 52.2.3.6 State differences52.2.4. 52.2.4 R&D output as indicated by publications52.3. Technology commercialization in small businesses52.4. National innovation policy52.4.1. 52.4.1 Programs and policies52.4.2. 52.4.2 State programs52.4.3. 52.4.3 2004–2007 policy initiatives52.5. Technological strengths and weaknesses52.6. Innovation52.7. Culture and politics52.7.1. 52.7.1 Drivers of aggregate federal R&D funding and funding areas52.7.2. 52.7.2 Education52.7.3. 52.7.3 Immigration52.7.4. 52.7.4 Openness, mobility, and international relations52.7.5. 52.7.5 Recent policy initiatives52.8. Conclusion52.9. References and further reading
53. Cooperative R&D Agreements (CRADAs)
53.1. References
54. University Licensing
54.1. References
VII. Emerging Technologies
55. What Are Emerging Technologies?
55.1. Introduction55.2. Why are emerging technologies important?55.3. Managing emerging technologies: roles and responsibilities55.4. Detection of emerging technologies55.5. Summary55.6. Reference
56. Biotechnology: The Technology of the 21st Century
56.1. Introduction56.1.1. What exactly is meant by biotechnology?56.2. Applications for biotechnology—past, current, and future156.2.1. "Red biotech"—applications of biotechnology in human and animal health56.2.1.1. Diagnostics56.2.1.2. Improved speed and accuracy56.2.1.3. Lower costs of diagnosis56.2.1.4. Earlier diagnosis leading to better prognosis and prevention measures56.2.1.5. Public health–related preventive measures are now possible56.2.1.6. Therapeutics56.2.1.7. Using natural products56.2.1.8. Replacing missing proteins56.2.1.9. Gene therapy56.2.1.10. Cell transplants56.2.1.11. Modulating the immune system56.2.1.12. Personalized medicine56.2.1.13. Regenerative medicine56.2.1.14. Vaccines56.2.1.15. Plant-made pharmaceuticals56.2.2. "Green biotech"—agricultural production and processing, animal health applications56.2.2.1. Agricultural applications56.2.2.2. Animal health56.2.3. "White biotech"—industrial bioprocessing and environmental applications56.2.3.1. Material and energy inputs56.2.3.2. Efficient industrial manufacturing processes56.2.3.3. Biofuel56.2.3.4. Green plastics56.2.3.5. Environmental biotechnology56.2.3.6. Environmental monitoring56.3. Technology trends in biotechnology—innovations, impact, and convergence56.3.1. Drivers for technological innovation in knowledge-based sectors56.3.2. Technology trends and innovation milestones in red biotech56.3.2.1. Selected emerging technologies and materials in the nucleic acid diagnostics field56.3.2.2. Convergence of technologies with biotechnology56.4. References and further reading
57. The Continuing Economic Potential of Nanotechnology
57.1. Introduction157.2. Scope of nanotechnology57.3. History and scientific developments57.3.1. Key milestones57.3.2. Patents57.4. Nanotechnology funding57.4.1. Worldwide57.4.2. U.S. funding57.5. Institutions and infrastructure57.5.1. Overview57.5.2. Universities and government-sponsored laboratories57.5.3. Multinational corporations and high-tech startups57.6. Economic foundations of nanotechnology57.6.1. Differing perspectives57.6.2. Impact on existing industries57.6.3. The nanotechnology value chain57.6.4. Nanotechnology products57.6.4.1. Current status57.6.4.2. Future projections of nanotechnology products57.6.5. Market growth57.7. Issues and challenges57.7.1. Technical57.7.2. Environment, health, and safety (EHS)57.7.3. Legal57.7.4. Education and training57.7.5. Societal fears57.8. Conclusion57.9. References
58. Emerging Web Technologies
58.1. Introduction58.2. Evolution of Web technologies58.2.1. Web 1.0 technologies58.2.2. Web 2.0 technologies58.2.2.1. (a) User-generated content58.2.2.2. (b) Crowdsourcing58.2.2.3. (c) Participation and openness58.2.2.4. (d) Network effects58.2.2.5. (e) Technology58.2.3. Web-based services resulting from Web 2.058.2.3.1. Blogs58.2.3.2. Wikis58.2.3.3. Multimedia-sharing services58.2.3.4. Content syndication58.2.3.5. Podcasting58.2.3.6. Content tagging58.2.4. Beyond Web 2.0 technologies and the future58.2.4.1. Semantic wikis58.2.4.2. Semantic blogging58.2.4.3. Semantic desktop58.3. References
Glossary

Overview

A broadly encompassing encyclopedia on the emerging topic of technology, innovation and management (TIM), this volume covers a wide array of topics. We note that TIM is an emerging field and one that is interdisciplinary, incorporating strategy and entrepreneurship, economics, marketing, organizational behavior, organization theory, physical and life sciences, and even law. We strive to ensure that all of these disciplines are represented in this volume, and that their intersections are made clear.

Entries are contributed by scholars from around the world who are leading experts in their respective topics. This volume is appropriate for scholars who are new to this particular field, as well as industry practitioners interested in understanding the state of knowledge in these specific areas. Entries may also serve as useful instructional materials, given their span of coverage as well as their currency.

ISBN 9781405160490

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The CEO of Technology

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