book

Learning C# Programming with Unity 3D

Name: Learning C# Programming with Unity 3D
Author: Alex Okita
ISBN: 9781498760201

by Alex Okita

August 2014

Beginner

690 pages

21h 39m

English

A K Peters/CRC Press

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Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 - Introduction: What This Book Is About
1.1 Why Read a Book: Why This Book May or May Not Be for You1.1.1 Do I Need to Know Math?1.1.2 Programming as a Form of Expression1.1.3 Games as a Stage with Lights1.2 Personal Information1.3.1 Mechanical Computers1.3.2 Logic1.3.3 Computer Science1.3.4 Software1.3.5 Modern Computer Language1.3.6 The Future of Computer Languages1.4 C#: A Flexible Programming Language1.4.1 C# Paradigm1.4.2 Unity 3D: A Brief History of Game Engines1.4.3 Why Use Unity 3D to Learn?1.4.4 How Does Unity 3D Use C#?1.4.4.1 How to Tell Unity 3D What to Do1.5 What Is Programming?1.5.1 What Does C# Look Like?1.5.2 Learning to Copy and Paste1.6 Compiling: Turning Words into Computer Instruction1.7 What We’ve Learned1.8 Leveling Up
Chapter 2 - Before You Begin
2.1 What Will Be Covered in This Chapter2.2 Downloading and Installing: It Is Free2.3 Unity 3D Overview: What We’re Looking At2.3.1 The Main Panel2.3.1.1 Toolbar2.3.1.2 Hierarchy Panel2.3.1.3 Scene and Game View2.3.1.4 Inspector Panel2.3.1.5 Project and Console Panel2.3.2 Creating a New Project2.3.3 A New Unity 3D Project2.3.3.1 Assets Directory2.3.3.2 Library Directory2.3.3.3 Project Settings Directory2.3.3.4 Temp Directory2.3.4 Summary2.4 Sample Code2.4.1 Code Fragments2.4.2 Are Errors Bad?2.4.2.1 Compile-Time and Run-Time Errors2.4.3 How to Follow Along2.4.4 Summary2.5 Working with C#: Game Engines2.5.1 Getting Project Files2.5.2 Creating and Assigning a New C# File: Now It’s Your Turn2.5.3 Naming Your New File2.5.4 Using Your New File2.5.5 Unity 3D Tools2.5.6 Running Live Code2.5.7 Saving a Scene2.5.8 Opening a Scene2.5.9 Summary2.6 What We’ve Learned2.7 Leveling Up
Chapter 3 - First Steps
3.1 What Will Be Covered in This Chapter3.2 Review3.3 Tokens3.3.1 Writing C#3.3.2 Separator Tokens3.3.3 Operator Tokens3.3.4 Other Operator Tokens3.3.5 Literals3.3.6 Transitive and Non-Transitive Operations3.3.7 Putting It All Together3.3.8 What We’ve Learned3.4 Statements and Expressions3.4.1 Expressions3.4.2 How Code Is Executed3.4.3 Thinking in Algorithms3.4.3.1 Wash, Rinse, Repeat3.4.4 What We’ve Learned3.5 Keywords3.5.1 Class3.5.2 What We’ve Learned3.6 White Space3.6.1 Pick a Flavor3.6.2 What We’ve Learned3.7 Code Blocks3.7.1 What We’ve Learned3.8 Classes3.8.1 Objects3.8.2 What We’ve Learned3.9 Variables3.9.1 Identifiers3.9.2 Data3.9.3 Declaring a Variable3.9.3.1 A Basic Example3.9.4 Dynamic Initialization3.9.5 What We’ve Learned3.10 Variable Names3.10.1 UsingVariables in Unity 3D3.10.2 Variable Assignment3.10.3 Putting It Together3.10.4 What We’ve Learned3.11 Types: A First Look3.11.1 Value and Reference Types3.11.2 What We’ve Learned3.12 Strong Typing3.12.1 Dynamic Typing3.12.2 What We’ve Learned3.13 Type Casting, Numbers3.13.1 Explicit versus Implicit Casting3.13.1.1 A Basic Example3.13.2 What We’ve Learned3.14 Comments3.14.1 Line Numbers3.14.2 Code Folding3.14.3 Summary Comments3.14.4 Navigating in Code3.14.5 What We’ve Learned3.15 Leveling Up: Moving On to Basics
Chapter 4 - Basics: The Building Blocks of Code
4.1 What Will Be Covered in This Chapter4.2 Review4.3 Building Up a Game Idea: Working with What You Know4.3.1 Design from Experience4.3.1.1 Know Yourself4.3.2 Primary Activity4.3.3 Moment to Moment4.3.4 Actions to Functions4.3.5 Compromise4.3.6 Starting with Controls4.3.7 What We’ve Learned4.4 Creating a Class4.4.1 Class Declaration4.4.1.1 A Basic Example4.4.1.2 Value and Reference Types4.4.2 Adding Data Fields4.4.3 Access Modifiers and the Dot Operator4.4.4 Class Scope4.4.5 Class Members4.4.6 What We’ve Learned4.5 Directives4.5.1 Libraries4.5.2 Ambiguous NameSpaces4.5.3 What We’ve Learned4.6 Functions4.6.1 What Are Functions?4.6.2 Unity 3D Entry Points4.6.3 Writing a Function4.6.3.1 A Basic Example4.6.4 More on White Space and Tabs4.6.5 What We’ve Learned4.7 Order of Operation: What Is Calculated and When4.7.1 Evaluating Numbers4.7.1.1 Math4.7.1.2 Operator Evaluation4.7.2 What We’ve Learned4.8 Scope: A First Look4.8.1 Class Scope4.8.2 Function Scope4.8.3 What We’ve Learned4.9 This4.9.1 A Basic Example4.9.2 When This Is Necessary4.9.3 Awkward Names4.9.4 What We’ve Learned4.10 Turning Ideas into Code—Part 14.10.1 Mouse Input4.10.2 GameObject4.10.3 What We’ve Learned4.11 Logic and Operators4.11.1 Booleans4.11.2 Equality Operators4.11.2.1 A Basic Example4.11.3 If and Branching4.11.3.1 Not!4.11.4 Flowcharts4.11.5 Relational Operators4.11.5.1 Else4.11.5.2 Else If4.11.6 Rearranging Logic4.11.6.1 Flawed Logic4.11.6.2 Unreachable Code4.11.7 Another Look at Scope4.11.8 What We’ve Learned4.12 Loops4.12.1 Unary Operators4.12.2 While4.12.3 For4.12.4 Do–While4.12.5 Postfix and Prefix Notation4.12.6 Using Loops4.12.7 Loops within Loops4.12.8 Runaway Loops4.12.9 Breakpoints: A First Look4.12.10 What We’ve Learned4.13 Scope, Again4.13.1 Visibility or Accessibility4.13.1.1 A Basic Example4.13.2 Global Scope4.13.3 What We’ve Learned4.14 Warnings versus Errors4.14.1 Warnings4.14.2 Errors4.14.3 Understanding the Debugger4.14.4 What We’ve Learned4.15 Leveling Up: Fundamentals4.15.1 Style Guides
Chapter 5 - Fundamentals
5.1 What Will Be Covered in This Chapter5.2 Review5.2.1 Modular Code5.3 Inheritance: A First Look5.3.1 Class Members5.3.2 Instancing5.3.2.1 A Basic Example5.3.3 Parent and Child5.3.4 Object5.3.4.1 A Type Is Not an Object5.3.5 != null5.3.6 What We’ve Learned5.4 Instancing5.4.1 Class Initialization5.4.2 New5.4.3 Constructors5.4.4 What We’ve Learned5.5 Static5.5.1 A Basic Example5.5.2 Static Variables5.5.2.1 A Basic Example5.5.3 Static Functions5.5.4 Putting It All Together5.5.5 What We’ve Learned5.6 Turning Ideas into Code—Part 25.6.1 Input Manager5.6.2 What We’ve Learned5.7 Jump Statements5.7.1 Return5.7.1.1 A Basic Example5.7.2 Returning Objects5.7.3 A Class Is a Type5.7.4 Null Is Not Void5.7.5 What We’ve Learned5.8 Operators and Conditions5.8.1 Conditional Operators && and ||5.8.1.1 A Basic Example5.8.2 What We’ve Learned5.9 Arrays: A First Look5.9.1 Fixed-Sized Arrays5.9.1.1 A Basic Example5.9.2 Foreach5.9.2.1 A Basic Example5.9.3 Dynamic Initialization5.9.4 Using the While Loop with Arrays5.9.4.1 Setting Array Values5.9.4.2 Getting Array Values5.9.5 What We’ve Learned5.10 Jump Statements: Break and Continue5.10.1 A Basic Example5.10.1.1 Continue5.10.2 ZombieData5.10.3 Foreach—Again5.10.4 What We’ve Learned5.11 Multidimensional Arrays5.11.1 Columns and Rows5.11.1.1 A Basic Example5.11.2 A Puzzle Board5.11.3 Checking Range5.11.4 What We’ve Learned5.12 Array List5.12.1 A Basic Example5.12.2 ArrayList.Contains()5.12.3 Remove5.12.4 Sort and Reverse5.12.5 What We’ve Learned5.13 Strings5.13.1 Declaring a String5.13.1.1 A Basic Example5.13.2 Escape Sequences5.13.3 Verbatim Strings: @5.13.4 String Format5.13.5 What We’ve Learned5.14 Combining What We’ve Learned5.14.1 Timers5.14.2 Adding in Classes5.14.3 What We’ve Learned5.15 Source Version Control5.15.1 Modern Version Control5.15.2 The Repository5.15.3 GitHub5.15.4 What We’ve Learned5.15.5 Project Files5.16 Setting Up a Repository5.16.1 Push5.16.2 Gitignore5.16.3 Pull5.16.4 Contributors5.16.5 What We’ve Learned5.17 Leveling Up: On to the Cool Stuff
Chapter 6 - Intermediate
6.1 What Will Be Covered in This Chapter6.2 Review6.3 Pseudocode6.3.1 Thinking It Through6.3.2 Class Members6.3.2.1 A Basic Example6.3.2.2 Thinking like a Programmer6.3.3 Return6.3.3.1 A Basic Example6.3.4 Arguments aka Args (Not Related to Pirates)6.3.4.1 The Basic Example6.3.4.2 Multiple Args6.3.4.3 Using Args6.3.5 Assignment Operators6.3.5.1 A Basic Example6.3.6 What We’ve Learned6.4 Class Constructors6.4.1 A Basic Example6.4.2 What We’ve Learned6.4.3 What We’ve Learned6.5 Arrays Revisited6.5.1 Using Arrays in Unity 3D6.5.1.1 Starting with 06.5.1.2 Mathf6.5.1.3 Time6.5.2 Instancing with AddComponent();6.5.3 Type Casting Unity 3D Objects6.5.4 What We’ve Learned6.6 Enums6.6.1 Using Enums6.6.2 Combining What We’ve Learned6.6.3 What We’ve Learned6.7 Switch6.7.1 A Basic Example6.7.2 Default:6.7.3 What We’ve Learned6.7.4 Fall Through6.7.5 goto Case6.7.6 Limitations6.7.7 What We’ve Learned6.8 Structs6.8.1 Structs6.8.2 Struct versus Class6.8.3 Without Structs6.8.4 Handling Structs6.8.5 Accessing Structs6.8.6 Global Access6.8.7 What We’ve Learned6.9 Class Data6.9.1 Character Base Class6.9.2 Const6.9.3 Readonly6.9.4 What We’ve Learned6.10 Namespaces6.10.1 A Basic Example6.10.2 Directives in Namespaces6.10.3 Ambiguous References6.10.4 Alias Directives6.10.5 Putting Namespaces to Work6.10.6 Extending Namespaces6.10.7 What We’ve Learned6.11 Functions Again6.11.1 Parameter Lists6.11.1.1 A Basic Example6.11.2 Side Effects6.11.3 Multiple Arguments6.11.4 Useful Parameters6.11.4.1 The Rule of Three6.11.5 Foreach versus For6.11.6 What We’ve Learned6.12 Unity 3D Execution Order6.12.1 A Basic Example6.12.2 Component Execution Order6.12.3 What We’ve Learned6.13 Inheritance Again6.13.1 Function Overrides6.13.1.1 A Basic Example6.13.2 Class Inheritance6.13.2.1 Sharing Common Attributes6.13.3 Object6.13.4 What We’ve Learned6.14 Type Casting Again6.14.1 (<Type>) versus "as"6.14.2 User-Defined Type Conversion6.14.3 Implicit versus Explicit Type Conversion6.14.4 Break6.14.5 What We’ve Learned6.15 Working with Vectors6.15.1 Vectors Are Objects6.15.2 Stepping through MonsterGenerator6.15.3 Gizmos6.15.3.1 A Basic Example6.15.4 Using Gizmos6.15.4.1 Building Up Parameters6.15.5 Optimizing6.15.6 What We’ve Learned6.16 goto Labels6.16.1 A Basic Example6.16.2 Zombie State Machine6.16.3 This as a Reference to Yourself6.16.4 HumanState Based on ZombieState6.16.5 The Is Keyword6.16.6 What We’ve Learned6.17 More on Arrays6.17.1 Length and Count6.17.1.1 A Basic Example6.17.2 Foreach: A Reminder6.17.3 Discovery6.17.4 Putting It Together6.17.5 What We’ve Learned6.18 Out Parameter6.18.1 A Basic Example6.18.2 Simple Sort (Bubble Sort)6.18.3 Simple Sort Proof6.18.4 What We’ve Learned6.19 Ref Parameter6.19.1 A Basic Example6.19.2 Code Portability Side Effects6.19.3 What We’ve Learned6.20 Type Casting Numbers6.20.1 Number Types6.20.2 Integers6.20.2.1 Signed Numbers6.20.3 Floating Point6.20.4 What We’ve Learned6.21 Types and Operators6.21.1 GetType()6.21.2 More Type Casting6.21.3 Type Aliasing6.21.4 Boxing and Unboxing6.22 Operator Overloading6.22.1 A Basic Example6.22.2 Overloading *6.22.3 Overloading <6.22.4 What We’ve Learned6.23 Controlling Inheritance6.23.1 Sealed6.23.1.1 A Basic Example6.23.2 Abstract6.23.2.1 A Basic Example6.23.3 Abstract: Abstract6.23.4 Putting This to Use6.23.5 What We’ve Learned6.24 Leveling Up
Chapter 7 - Advanced
7.1 What Will Be Covered in This Chapter7.2 Review7.2.1 Moving Forward7.3 MonoDevelop7.3.1 Find in Files7.3.2 Word Processors7.3.3 Mono History7.4 Function Overloading7.4.1 A Closer Look at Functions7.4.1.1 A Basic Example7.4.2 Function Signature7.4.3 Different Signatures7.4.4 Putting It Together7.4.5 Not Quite Recursion7.4.6 DrawWord7.4.7 What We’ve Learned7.5 Accessors (or Properties)7.5.1 Value7.5.1.1 A Basic Example7.5.2 Set Event7.5.3 Read-Only Accessor7.5.4 Simplification7.5.5 What We’ve Learned7.6 Base Classes: Another Look7.6.1 Generalization—Base Classes7.6.2 Specialization7.6.3 Base7.6.4 Partial7.6.5 Protected, Private, and Public7.6.6 What We’ve Learned7.7 Optional Parameters7.7.1 Using Optionals7.7.1.1 A Basic Example7.7.2 Optional Arguments7.7.3 Named Parameters7.7.3.1 A Basic Example7.7.4 Combining What We’ve Learned7.7.5 What We’ve Learned7.8 Delegate Functions7.8.1 Delegates7.8.1.1 A Basic Example7.8.2 Delegate Signatures7.8.3 Stacking Delegates7.8.4 Using Delegates7.8.5 What We’ve Learned7.9 Interface7.9.1 Early Planning7.9.1.1 A Basic Example7.9.1.2 Using Accessors7.9.2 Interface Methods7.9.2.1 Breaking a Fixing7.9.3 Multiple Interfaces7.9.4 IComparer7.9.5 Using IComparer7.9.6 What We’ve Learned7.10 Class Constructors Revisited7.10.1 A Basic Example7.10.2 When to Create a New Class7.10.2.1 Add in a Private zposition Offset7.10.3 Static Functions7.10.3.1 Using a Delegate Function7.10.4 What We’ve Learned7.11 Preprocessor Directives7.11.1 A Basic Example7.11.2 UNITY_EDITOR7.11.3 Warning7.11.4 Organizing7.11.5 What We’ve Learned7.12 Exceptions7.12.1 A Basic Example7.12.2 Exception Messages7.12.3 Custom Exceptions7.12.4 Finally7.12.5 Try–Catch and Finally in Use7.12.6 What We’ve Learned7.13 IEnumerator7.13.1 Enumeration7.13.1.1 A Basic Example7.13.1.2 What Doesn’t Work7.13.2 Implementing IEnumerator7.13.3 What We’ve Learned7.14 Generics7.14.1 Generic Functions7.14.1.1 A Basic Example7.14.1.2 Why T?7.14.2 Making Use of Generic Functions7.14.3 Generic Types7.14.4 Var7.14.5 Multiple Generic Values7.14.6 What We’ve Learned7.15 Events7.15.1 A Basic Example7.15.2 A Proper Event7.15.3 EventArgs7.15.4 Update () to Event7.15.5 Generic EventArg7.15.6 What We’ve Learned7.16 Unity-Friendly Classes7.16.1 Extensions7.16.2 A Basic Example7.16.3 Inheriting from Object7.16.4 OnUpdate7.16.5 What We’ve Learned7.17 Destructors7.17.1 A Basic Example7.17.2 Clearing Out Objects7.17.3 What We’ve Learned7.18 Concurrency or Coroutines7.18.1 Yield7.18.1.1 A Basic Example7.18.2 Setting Up Timers7.18.3 Random Decisions with Logic7.18.4 Stopping a Coroutine7.18.5 What We’ve Learned7.19 Dictionary, Stacks, and Queues7.19.1 A Basic Example7.19.2 ContainsKey7.19.3 Stacks7.19.3.1 A Basic Example7.19.4 Queues7.19.5 What We’ve Learned7.20 Callbacks7.20.1 A Basic Example7.20.2 Dynamic Callback Assignment7.20.3 WWW7.20.4 What We’ve Learned7.21 Lambda Expressions7.21.1 Anonymous Expressions7.21.1.1 A Basic Example7.21.2 Lambda Expressions7.21.2.1 A Basic Example7.21.3 When Lambdas Are Useful7.21.4 Lambda Statements7.21.5 What We’ve Learned7.22 Leveling Up
Chapter 8 - Extended
8.1 What We’ll Be Covering in This Chapter8.2 Review8.3 Readability Optimizations and Idioms8.3.1 ?: Notation8.3.2 If8.3.3 Smell8.3.3.1 Comments8.3.3.2 One Responsibility Rule8.3.3.3 Duplicated Code8.3.3.4 Long Names8.3.4 What We’ve Learned8.4 Source Control Revisited8.4.1 Diff and Merge8.4.2 KDiff38.4.3 Avoiding Conflicts8.4.4 What We’ve Learned8.5 Debugging8.5.1 Debugging Accessors8.5.2 Locals8.5.3 Call Stack8.5.4 Watch List8.5.5 What We’ve Learned8.6 Recursion8.6.1 A Basic Example8.6.2 Understanding Recursion8.6.3 In Practice8.6.4 Recursion Types8.6.5 What We’ve Learned8.7 Reflection8.7.1 A Basic Example8.7.2 Reflection MethodInfo8.7.3 What We’ve Learned8.8 LINQ8.8.1 Lambdas and Arrays8.8.1.1 A Basic Example8.8.2 Var8.8.3 LINQ From8.8.4 Strange Behaviors in LINQ8.8.5 Greedy Operator8.8.6 What We’ve Learned8.9 Bitwise Operators8.9.1 Big Endian and Little Endian8.9.2 Signed or Unsigned8.9.3 Bitwise Or |8.9.4 Enums and Numbers8.9.5 Bitwise And &8.9.6 Bitwise Exclusive Or ^ (xor)8.9.7 Setting Bitwise Flags8.9.8 Bitwise Shortcuts | = and ^ =8.9.9 Bits in Numbers8.9.10 Bit Shifting >> and <<8.9.11 What We’ve Learned8.10 Bitwise Math8.10.1 Two’s Complement8.10.2 Unary Operator ~8.10.3 Bitwise Addition and Subtraction8.10.4 Bitwise Multiplication8.10.5 Bitwise Tricks8.10.6 What We’ve Learned8.11 Attributes8.11.1 A Basic Example8.11.2 Custom Attributes8.11.3 Finding Custom Attributes8.11.4 Attribute Constructor8.11.5 Multiple Attributes8.11.6 Putting Attributes to Work8.11.7 Attribute Flags8.11.8 What We’ve Learned8.12 Architectures and Organization8.12.1 Planning Structure8.12.2 Fixing Namespaces8.12.3 Namespace and Directory Structure8.12.4 Using Partial8.12.5 Refactoring8.12.6 What We’ve Learned8.13 Design Patterns8.13.1 Creational Design Patterns8.13.1.1 Singleton Pattern8.13.2 Structural Design Patterns8.13.3 Behavioral Design Patterns8.13.4 What We’ve Learned8.14 Continuing on Your Own
Chapter 9 - Stuff We Couldn’t Cover
9.1 The Extern and Unsafe Keywords9.2 Dynamic9.2.1 Dynamic versus Var

Chapter 10 - Good Luck

Overview

Designed to give you enough familiarity in a programming language to be immediately productive, Learning C# Programming with Unity 3D provides the basics of programming and brings you quickly up to speed. Organized into easy-to-follow lessons, the book covers how C# is used to make a game in Unity3D. After reading this book, you will be armed with

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