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Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, 4th Edition

Name: Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, 4th Edition
Author: William H. Kersting
ISBN: 9781498772150

by William H. Kersting

August 2017

Intermediate to advanced

546 pages

9h 22m

English

CRC Press

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
1. Introduction to Distribution Systems
1.1 The Distribution System1.2 Distribution Substations1.3 Radial Feeders1.4 Distribution Feeder Map1.5 Distribution Feeder Electrical Characteristics1.6 SummaryReference
2. The Nature of Loads
2.1 Definitions2.2 Individual Customer Load2.2.1 Demand2.2.2 Maximum Demand2.2.3 Average Demand2.2.4 Load Factor2.3 Distribution Transformer Loading2.3.1 Diversified Demand2.3.2 Maximum Diversified Demand2.3.3 Load Duration Curve2.3.4 Maximum Noncoincident Demand2.3.5 Diversity Factor2.3.6 Demand Factor2.3.7 Utilization Factor2.3.8 Load Diversity2.4 Feeder Load2.4.1 Load Allocation2.4.1.1 Application of Diversity Factors2.4.1.2 Load Survey2.4.1.3 Transformer Load Management2.4.1.4 Metered Feeder Maximum Demand2.4.1.5 What Method to Use?2.4.2 Voltage Drop Calculations Using Allocated Loads2.4.2.1 Application of Diversity Factors2.4.2.2 Load Allocation Based upon Transformer Ratings2.5 SummaryProblems

3. Approximate Method of Analysis
3.1 Voltage Drop3.2 Line Impedance3.3 “K” Factors3.3.1 Kdrop Factor3.3.2 Krise Factor3.4 Uniformly Distributed Loads3.4.1 Voltage Drop3.4.2 Power Loss3.4.3 The Exact Lumped Load Model3.5 Lumping Loads in Geometric Configurations3.5.1 The Rectangle3.5.2 The Triangle3.5.3 The Trapezoid3.6 SummaryProblemsReference
4. Series Impedance of Overhead and Underground Lines
4.1 Series Impedance of Overhead Lines4.1.1 Transposed Three-Phase Lines4.1.2 Untransposed Distribution Lines4.1.3 Carson’s Equations4.1.4 Modified Carson’s Equations4.1.5 Primitive Impedance Matrix for Overhead Lines4.1.6 Phase Impedance Matrix for Overhead Lines4.1.7 Sequence Impedances4.1.8 Parallel Overhead Distribution Lines4.2 Series Impedance of Underground Lines4.2.1 Concentric Neutral Cable4.2.2 Tape-Shielded Cables4.2.3 Parallel Underground Distribution Lines4.3 SummaryProblemsWindmil AssignmentReferences
5. Shunt Admittance of Overhead and Underground Lines
5.1 General Voltage Drop Equation5.2 Overhead Lines5.2.1 The Shunt Admittance of Overhead Parallel Lines5.3 Concentric Neutral Cable Underground Lines5.4 Tape-Shielded Cable Underground Lines5.5 Sequence Admittance5.6 The Shunt Admittance of Parallel Underground Lines5.7 SummaryProblemsWindmil AssignmentReferences
6. Distribution System Line Models
6.1 Exact Line Segment Model6.2 The Modified Line Model6.2.1 The Three-Wire Delta Line6.2.2 The Computation of Neutral and Ground Currents6.3 The Approximate Line Segment Model6.4 The Modified “Ladder” Iterative Technique6.5 The General Matrices for Parallel Lines6.5.1 Physically Parallel Lines6.5.2 Electrically Parallel Lines6.6 SummaryProblemsWindmil AssignmentReferences
7. Voltage Regulation
7.1 Standard Voltage Ratings7.2 Two-Winding Transformer Theory7.3 Two-Winding Autotransformer7.3.1 Autotransformer Ratings7.3.2 Per-unit Impedance7.4 Step-Voltage Regulators7.4.1 Single-Phase Step-Voltage Regulators7.4.1.1 Type A Step-Voltage Regulator7.4.1.2 Type B Step-Voltage Regulator7.4.1.3 Generalized Constants7.4.1.4 The Line Drop Compensator7.4.2 Three-Phase Step-Voltage Regulators7.4.2.1 Wye-Connected Regulators7.4.2.2 Closed Delta-Connected Regulators7.4.2.3 Open Delta-Connected Regulators7.5 SummaryProblemsWindmil AssignmentReferences
8. Three-Phase Transformer Models
8.1 Introduction8.2 Generalized Matrices8.3 The Delta–Grounded Wye Step-Down Connection8.3.1 Voltages8.3.2 Currents8.4 The Delta–Grounded Wye Step-Up Connection8.5 The Ungrounded Wye–Delta Step-Down Connection8.6 The Ungrounded Wye–Delta Step-Up Connection8.7 The Grounded Wye–Delta Step-Down Connection8.8 Open Wye–Open Delta8.9 The Grounded Wye–Grounded Wye Connection8.10 The Delta–Delta Connection8.11 Open Delta–Open Delta8.12 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit8.13 SummaryProblemsWindmil Assignment
9. Load Models
9.1 Wye-Connected Loads9.1.1 Constant Real and Reactive Power Loads9.1.2 Constant Impedance Loads9.1.3 Constant Current Loads9.1.4 Combination Loads9.2 Delta-Connected Loads9.2.1 Constant Real and Reactive Power Loads9.2.2 Constant Impedance Loads9.2.3 Constant Current Loads9.2.4 Combination Loads9.2.5 Line Currents Serving a Delta-Connected Load9.3 Two-Phase and Single-Phase Loads9.4 Shunt Capacitors9.4.1 Wye-Connected Capacitor Bank9.4.2 Delta-Connected Capacitor Bank9.5 Three-Phase Induction Machine9.5.1 Induction Machine Model9.5.2 Symmetrical Component Analysis of a Motor9.5.3 Phase Analysis of an Induction Motor9.5.4 Voltage and Current Unbalance9.5.5 Motor Starting Current9.5.6 The Equivalent T Circuit9.5.7 Computation of Slip9.5.8 Induction Generator9.5.9 Induction Machine Thevenin Equivalent Circuit9.5.10 The Ungrounded Wye–Delta Transformer Bank with an Induction Motor9.6 SummaryProblemsReferences
10. Distribution Feeder Analysis
10.1 Power-Flow Analysis10.1.1 The Ladder Iterative Technique10.1.1.1 Linear Network10.1.1.2 Nonlinear Network10.1.2 General Feeder10.1.3 The Unbalanced Three-Phase Distribution Feeder10.1.3.1 Shunt Components10.1.4 Applying the Ladder Iterative Technique10.1.5 Let’s Put It All Together10.1.6 Load Allocation10.1.7 Loop Flow10.1.7.1 Single-Phase Feeder10.1.7.2 IEEE 13 Bus Test Feeder10.1.7.3 Summary of Loop Flow10.1.8 Summary of Power-Flow Studies10.2 Short-Circuit Studies10.2.1 General Short-Circuit Theory10.2.2 Specific Short Circuits10.2.3 Backfeed Ground Fault Currents10.2.3.1 One Downstream Transformer Bank10.2.3.2 Complete Three-Phase Circuit Analysis10.2.3.3 Backfeed Currents Summary10.3 SummaryProblemsWindmil AssignmentReferences
11. Center-Tapped Transformers and Secondaries
11.1 Center-Tapped Single-Phase Transformer Model11.1.1 Matrix Equations11.1.2 Center-Tapped Transformer Serving Loads through a Triplex Secondary11.2 Ungrounded Wye–Delta Transformer Bank with Center-Tapped Transformer11.2.1 Basic Transformer Equations11.2.2 Summary11.3 Open Wye–Open Delta Transformer Connections11.3.1 The Leading Open Wye–Open Delta Connection11.3.2 The Lagging Open Wye–Open Delta Connection11.3.3 Forward Sweep11.3.4 Backward Sweep11.4 Four-Wire Secondary11.5 Putting It All Together11.5.1 Ungrounded Wye–Delta Connection11.5.2 Open Wye–Delta Connections11.5.3 Comparisons of Voltage and Current Unbalances11.6 SummaryProblemsWindmil Homework AssignmentReferences
Appendix A: Conductor Data
Appendix B: Underground Cable Data
Index

Overview

This new edition illustrates methods that ensure the most accurate results in computational modeling for electric power distribution systems. It covers approximation methods to help users interpret computer program results and includes references and assignments that help users apply Mathcad and WindMil programs to put their learning into practice.

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