book

3ds Max® 2009 Bible

Name: 3ds Max® 2009 Bible
Author: Kelly L. Murdock
ISBN: 9780470381304

by Kelly L. Murdock

August 2008

Intermediate to advanced

1294 pages

35h 4m

English

Wiley

Read now

Unlock full access

Copyright
About the Author
Credits
Preface
Who Is Max?About This BookTutorials aplentyNinth time aroundDesigned for educatorsHow this book is organizedUsing the book's iconsThe book's DVDColor insert pages
Acknowledgments
I. Getting Started with 3ds Max
QS. Firing a Cannonball
QS.1. Hills and Cannonballs—Planning the ProductionQS.2. Modeling the CannonQS.2.1. Tutorial: Building a cannon wheelQS.2.2. Tutorial: Cloning and positioning the cannon wheelsQS.2.3. Tutorial: Finishing the cannonQS.2.4. Tutorial: Adding ProMaterialsQS.2.5. Tutorial: Adding a Sun & Sky systemQS.2.6. Tutorial: Rendering the sceneQS.2.7. Tutorial: Animating a cannon firingQS.2.8. Tutorial: Adding particlesQS.3. Summary
1. Exploring the Max Interface
1.1. Learning the Interface Elements1.2. Using the Menus1.3. Using the Toolbars1.3.1. Docking and floating toolbars1.3.2. Using tooltips and flyouts1.3.3. Learning the main toolbar1.4. Using the Viewports1.5. Using the Command Panel1.5.1. Working with rollouts1.5.2. Increasing the Command Panel's width1.5.3. Tutorial: Rearranging the interface for lefties1.6. Using the Lower Interface Bar Controls1.7. Interacting with the Interface1.7.1. Gaining quick access with the right-click quadmenus1.7.2. Understanding the button color cues1.7.3. Using drag-and-drop features1.7.4. Controlling spinners1.7.5. Understanding modeless and persistent dialog boxes1.8. Getting Help1.8.1. Using the InfoCenter toolbar1.8.2. Viewing the Essential Skills Movies1.8.3. Using the browser-based reference guides1.8.4. Using the rest of the Help menu1.9. Summary
2. Controlling and Configuring the Viewports
2.1. Understanding 3D Space2.1.1. Learning Axonometric versus Perspective2.1.2. Learning Orthographic and Isometric views2.1.3. Discovering the viewports in Max2.2. Using the Navigation Gizmos2.2.1. Working with the ViewCube2.2.2. Using the SteeringWheels2.2.3. Tutorial: Navigating the active viewport2.3. Controlling Viewports with a Scroll Wheel2.4. Using the Viewport Navigation Controls2.4.1. Zooming a view2.4.2. Panning a view2.4.3. Walking through a view2.4.4. Rotating a view2.4.5. Maximizing the active viewport2.4.6. Controlling camera and spotlight views2.5. Using the Views Menu2.5.1. Undoing and saving Viewport changes2.5.2. Disabling and refreshing viewports2.5.3. Viewing materials in the viewports2.5.4. Displaying Lights and Shadows in the viewports2.6. Configuring the Viewports2.6.1. Setting the viewport rendering method2.6.1.1. Rendering levels2.6.1.2. Viewing transparency2.6.1.3. Rendering options2.6.1.3.1. Making selected objects visible2.6.1.3.2. Using clipping planes2.6.1.3.3. Enabling Fast View2.6.1.4. Tutorial: Viewing the interior of a heart with Clipping Planes2.6.1.5. Setting the Field of View2.6.1.6. Grabbing a viewport image2.6.2. Altering the Viewport layout2.6.3. Using Safe Frames2.6.4. Understanding Adaptive Degradation2.6.5. Defining regions2.6.6. Viewing statistics2.7. Working with Viewport Backgrounds2.7.1. Loading viewport background images2.7.2. Loading viewport background animations2.7.3. Tutorial: Loading reference images for modeling2.8. Summary
3. Working with Files, Importing, and Exporting
3.1. Working with Max Scene Files3.1.1. Saving files3.1.2. Opening files3.1.3. Setting a Project Folder3.1.4. Merging and replacing objects3.1.5. Archiving files3.1.6. Getting out3.2. Setting File Preferences3.2.1. Handling files3.2.2. Backing up files3.2.3. Tutorial: Setting Auto Backup3.2.4. Maintaining log files3.3. Importing and Exporting3.3.1. Importing supported formats3.3.2. Import preference3.3.3. Exporting supported formats3.3.3.1. Moving files to and from Maya and MotionBuilder3.3.3.2. Using the OBJ format3.3.3.3. Exporting to the JSR-184 (M3G) format3.3.3.4. Exporting to the DWF format3.3.4. Exporting utilities3.3.4.1. Lighting Data Export Utility3.3.4.2. Material XML Exporter Utility3.3.4.3. Tutorial: Importing vector drawings from Illustrator3.4. Using the File Utilities3.4.1. Using the Asset Browser utility3.4.2. Finding files with the Max File Finder utility3.4.3. Collecting files with the Resource Collector utility3.4.4. Using the File Link Manager utility3.4.5. Using i-drop3.5. Accessing File Information3.5.1. Displaying scene information3.5.2. Viewing file properties3.5.3. Viewing files3.6. Summary

4. Customizing the Max Interface and Setting Preferences
4.1. Using the Customize User Interface Window4.1.1. Customizing keyboard shortcuts4.1.2. Customizing toolbars4.1.3. Tutorial: Creating a custom toolbar4.1.3.1. Changing a button's appearance4.1.3.2. Tutorial: Adding custom icons4.1.4. Customizing quadmenus4.1.5. Customizing menus4.1.6. Tutorial: Adding a new menu4.1.7. Customizing colors4.2. Customizing Modify and Utility Panel Buttons4.3. Working with Custom Interfaces4.3.1. Saving and loading a custom interface4.3.2. Locking the interface4.3.3. Reverting to the startup interface4.3.4. Switching between default and custom interfaces4.4. Configuring Paths4.4.1. Configuring user paths4.4.2. Configuring system paths4.5. Selecting System Units4.5.1. Using Custom and Generic units4.5.2. Handling mismatched units4.5.3. Rescaling world units4.6. Setting Preferences4.6.1. General preferences4.6.1.1. Undo Levels and the Reference Coordinate System4.6.1.2. Loading Plug-Ins and Sub-Material settings4.6.1.3. Scene Selection settings4.6.1.4. Spinner, Rollout, and Vertex Normal settings4.6.1.5. Interface Display settings4.6.1.6. Layer settings4.6.1.7. Real-World Texture Coordinates setting4.6.2. Files panel preferences4.6.3. Viewport preferences4.6.3.1. Viewport Parameter options4.6.3.2. Enabling ghosting4.6.3.3. Using the middle mouse button4.6.3.3.1. Panning, rotating, and zooming with the middle mouse button4.6.3.3.2. Using Strokes4.6.3.4. Choosing and configuring display drivers4.6.4. Gamma preferences4.6.4.1. Setting screen gamma4.6.4.2. Propagating gamma settings4.6.4.3. Setting bitmap gamma4.6.5. Other preference panels4.7. Summary
II. Working with Objects
5. Creating and Editing Primitive Objects
5.1. Creating Primitive Objects5.1.1. Using the Create menu5.1.2. Using the Create panel5.1.3. Naming and renaming objects5.1.4. Assigning colors5.1.5. Using the Color Clipboard5.1.6. Using different creation methods5.1.7. Using the Keyboard Entry rollout for precise dimensions5.1.8. Altering object parameters5.1.9. Recovering from mistakes and deleting objects5.1.10. Tutorial: Exploring the Platonic solids5.2. Exploring the Primitive Object Types5.2.1. Starting with the Standard Primitives5.2.1.1. Box5.2.1.2. Sphere5.2.1.3. Cylinder5.2.1.4. Torus5.2.1.5. Teapot5.2.1.6. Cone5.2.1.7. GeoSphere5.2.1.8. Tutorial: Comparing Spheres and GeoSpheres5.2.1.9. Tube5.2.1.10. Pyramid5.2.1.11. Plane5.2.2. Extended Primitives5.2.2.1. Hedra5.2.2.2. ChamferBox5.2.2.3. Cylindrical Extended Primitives5.2.2.3.1. OilTank5.2.2.3.2. Spindle5.2.2.3.3. ChamferCyl5.2.2.3.4. Capsule5.2.2.4. Gengon5.2.2.5. RingWave5.2.2.6. Tutorial: Creating a pie5.2.2.7. Torus Knot5.2.2.8. L-Ext5.2.2.9. C-Ext5.2.2.10. Prism5.2.2.11. Hose5.2.2.12. Tutorial: Creating a bendable straw5.2.3. Modifying object parameters5.2.4. Tutorial: Filling a treasure chest with gems5.3. Using Architecture Primitives5.3.1. Using AEC Objects5.3.1.1. Foliage5.3.1.2. Railings5.3.1.3. Walls5.3.1.4. Doors5.3.1.5. Stairs5.3.1.6. Windows5.3.2. Tutorial: Adding stairs to a clock tower building5.4. Summary
6. Selecting Objects, Setting Object Properties, and Using Layers and the Scene Explorer
6.1. Selecting Objects6.1.1. Selection filters6.1.2. Select buttons6.1.3. Selecting with the Edit menu6.1.3.1. Select by Color6.1.3.2. Select by Name6.1.3.3. Select by Region6.1.4. Selecting multiple objects6.1.5. Using the Paint Selection Region tool6.1.6. Tutorial: Selecting objects6.1.7. Locking selection sets6.1.8. Using named selection sets6.1.9. Editing named selections6.1.10. Isolating the current selection6.1.11. Selecting objects in other interfaces6.2. Setting Object Properties6.2.1. Viewing object information6.2.2. Setting display properties6.2.3. Setting rendering controls6.2.4. Enabling Motion Blur6.2.5. Using the Advanced Lighting and mental ray panels6.2.6. Using the User-Defined panel6.3. Hiding and Freezing Objects6.3.1. Using the Display Floater dialog box6.3.2. Using the Display panel6.3.3. Tutorial: Hidden toothbrushes6.4. Using Layers6.4.1. Using the Layer Manager6.4.2. Using the Layer List6.4.3. Tutorial: Dividing a scene into layers6.5. Using the Scene Explorer6.5.1. Selecting and filtering objects6.5.2. Finding objects6.5.3. Editing in the Scene Explorer6.6. Summary
7. Transforming Objects, Pivoting, Aligning, and Snapping
7.1. Translating, Rotating, and Scaling Objects7.1.1. Translating objects7.1.2. Rotating objects7.1.3. Scaling objects7.1.3.1. Non-uniform scaling7.1.3.2. Squashing objects7.1.4. Using the transform buttons7.2. Working with the Transformation Tools7.2.1. Working with the Transform Gizmos7.2.1.1. Using the interactive gizmos7.2.1.1.1. The Move Gizmo7.2.1.1.2. The Rotate Gizmo7.2.1.1.3. The Scale Gizmo7.2.1.2. Setting gizmo preferences7.2.2. Using the Transform Type-In dialog box7.2.3. Using the status bar Type-In fields7.2.4. Understanding the Transform Managers7.2.4.1. Understanding reference coordinate systems7.2.4.2. Using a transform center7.2.4.2.1. Pivot Point Center7.2.4.2.2. Selection Center7.2.4.2.3. Transform Coordinate Center7.2.4.3. Selecting Axis Constraints7.2.4.4. Locking axes transformations7.2.5. Tutorial: Landing a spaceship in port7.3. Using Pivot Points7.3.1. Positioning pivot points7.3.2. Aligning pivot points7.3.3. Using the Working Pivot7.3.4. Transform adjustments7.3.5. Using the Reset XForm utility7.3.6. Tutorial: A bee buzzing about a flower7.4. Using the Align Commands7.4.1. Aligning objects7.4.2. Using the Quick Align tool7.4.3. Aligning normals7.4.4. Tutorial: Aligning a kissing couple7.4.5. Aligning to a view7.5. Using Grids7.5.1. The Home Grid7.5.2. Creating and activating new grids7.5.3. Using AutoGrid7.5.4. Tutorial: Creating a spyglass7.6. Using Snap Options7.6.1. Tutorial: Creating a 2D outline of an object7.6.2. Setting snap points7.6.3. Setting snap options7.6.4. Using the Snaps toolbar7.6.5. Tutorial: Creating a lattice for a methane molecule7.7. Summary
8. Cloning Objects and Creating Object Arrays
8.1. Cloning Objects8.1.1. Using the Clone command8.1.2. Using the Shift-clone method8.1.3. Tutorial: Cloning dinosaurs8.2. Understanding Cloning Options8.2.1. Working with copies, instances, and references8.2.2. Tutorial: Creating instanced doughnuts8.2.3. Tutorial: Working with referenced apples8.3. Mirroring Objects8.3.1. Using the Mirror command8.3.2. Tutorial: Mirroring a robot's leg8.4. Cloning over Time8.4.1. Using the Snapshot command8.4.2. Tutorial: Creating a path through a maze8.5. Spacing Cloned Objects8.5.1. Using the Spacing tool8.5.2. Tutorial: Stacking a row of dominoes8.6. Using the Clone and Align Tool8.6.1. Aligning source objects to destination objects8.6.2. Tutorial: Cloning and aligning trees on a beach8.7. Creating Arrays of Objects8.7.1. Linear arrays8.7.2. Tutorial: Building a white picket fence8.7.3. Circular arrays8.7.4. Tutorial: Building a Ferris wheel8.7.5. Working with a ring array8.7.6. Tutorial: Using Ring Array to create a carousel8.8. Summary
9. Grouping, Linking, and Parenting Objects
9.1. Working with Groups9.1.1. Creating groups9.1.2. Ungrouping objects9.1.3. Opening and closing groups9.1.4. Attaching and detaching objects9.1.5. Tutorial: Grouping a plane's parts together9.1.6. Building Assemblies9.2. Understanding Parent, Child, and Root Relationships9.3. Building Links between Objects9.3.1. Linking objects9.3.2. Unlinking objects9.3.3. Tutorial: Linking a family of ducks9.4. Displaying Links and Hierarchies9.4.1. Displaying links in the viewport9.4.2. Viewing hierarchies9.5. Working with Linked Objects9.5.1. Locking inheriting transformations9.5.2. Using the Link Inheritance utility9.5.3. Selecting hierarchies9.5.4. Linking to dummies9.5.5. Tutorial: Circling the globe9.6. Summary
III. Modeling Basics
10. Learning Modeling Basics and Working with Subobjects and Helpers
10.1. Exploring the Model Types10.1.1. Parametric objects versus editable objects10.1.2. Converting to editable objects10.2. Understanding Normals10.2.1. Viewing normals10.2.2. Tutorial: Cleaning up imported meshes10.3. Working with Subobjects10.3.1. Using Soft Selection10.3.2. Tutorial: Soft selecting a heart shape from a plane10.3.3. Applying modifiers to subobject selections10.4. Using Modeling Helpers10.4.1. Using Dummy and Point objects10.4.2. Measuring coordinate distances10.4.2.1. Using the Measure Distance tool10.4.2.2. Using the Tape helper10.4.2.3. Using the Protractor helper10.4.2.4. Using the Compass helper10.4.2.5. Using the Measure utility10.4.2.6. Using the Level of Detail utility10.5. Summary
11. Introducing Modifiers and Using the Modifier Stack
11.1. Exploring the Modifier Stack11.1.1. Understanding Base Objects11.1.2. Applying modifiers11.1.3. Other Modifier Stack entities11.1.4. Using the Modifier Stack11.1.4.1. Copying and pasting modifiers11.1.4.2. Using instanced modifiers11.1.4.3. Identifying instances and references in the Modifier Stack11.1.4.4. Disabling and removing modifiers11.1.5. Reordering the Stack11.1.6. Tutorial: Creating a molecular chain11.1.7. Holding and fetching a scene11.1.8. Collapsing the Stack11.1.9. Using the Collapse utility11.1.10. Using gizmo subobjects11.1.11. Tutorial: Squeezing a plastic bottle11.1.12. Modifying subobjects11.1.13. Topology dependency11.2. Exploring Modifier Types11.2.1. Object-Space versus World-Space modifiers11.2.2. Selection modifiers11.2.2.1. Volume Select modifier11.2.2.2. Tutorial: Applying damage to a car11.2.3. Parametric Deformer modifiers11.2.3.1. Affect Region modifier11.2.3.2. Bend modifier11.2.3.3. Tutorial: Bending a tree11.2.3.4. Displace modifier11.2.3.5. Lattice modifier11.2.3.6. Mirror modifier11.2.3.7. Noise modifier11.2.3.8. Push modifier11.2.3.9. Preserve modifier11.2.3.10. Relax modifier11.2.3.11. Ripple modifier11.2.3.12. Shell modifier11.2.3.13. Tutorial: Making a character from a sphere11.2.3.14. Slice modifier11.2.3.15. Skew modifier11.2.3.16. Stretch modifier11.2.3.17. Spherify modifier11.2.3.18. Tutorial: Making a fat crocodile11.2.3.19. Squeeze modifier11.2.3.20. Twist modifier11.2.3.21. Taper modifier11.2.3.22. Tutorial: Creating a yo-yo11.2.3.23. Substitute modifier11.2.3.24. XForm modifier11.2.3.25. Wave modifier11.2.3.26. Tutorial: Waving a flag11.2.4. Free Form Deformer modifiers11.2.4.1. FFD (Free Form Deformation) modifier11.2.4.2. FFD (Box/Cyl) modifiers11.2.4.3. Tutorial: Modeling a tire striking a curb11.3. Summary
12. Drawing and Editing 2D Splines and Shapes
12.1. Drawing in 2D12.1.1. Working with shape primitives12.1.1.1. Rendering rollout12.1.1.2. Interpolation rollout12.1.1.3. Creation Method and Keyboard Entry rollouts12.1.1.4. Line12.1.1.5. Rectangle12.1.1.6. Circle12.1.1.7. Ellipse12.1.1.8. Arc12.1.1.9. Donut12.1.1.10. NGon12.1.1.11. Star12.1.1.12. Text12.1.1.13. Helix12.1.1.14. Section12.1.2. Tutorial: Drawing a company logo12.1.3. Tutorial: Viewing the interior of a heart12.2. Editing Splines12.2.1. Editable Splines versus the Edit Spline modifier12.2.2. Making splines renderable12.2.3. Selecting spline subobjects12.2.4. Controlling spline geometry12.2.4.1. Create line12.2.4.2. Break12.2.4.3. Attach and Attach Multiple12.2.4.4. Cross Section12.2.4.5. Auto Welding end points12.2.4.6. Insert12.2.4.7. Tutorial: Working with cross sections to create a doorknob12.2.5. Editing vertices12.2.5.1. Refine12.2.5.2. Weld and Fuse12.2.5.3. Connect12.2.5.4. Make First12.2.5.5. Cycle12.2.5.6. CrossInsert12.2.5.7. Fillet12.2.5.8. Chamfer12.2.5.9. Tangent Copy and Tangent Paste12.2.5.10. Hide/Unhide All12.2.5.11. Bind/Unbind12.2.5.12. Delete12.2.5.13. Show Selected Segments12.2.5.14. Tutorial: Making a ninja star12.2.6. Editing segments12.2.6.1. Connect Copy12.2.6.2. Divide12.2.6.3. Detach12.2.6.4. Tutorial: Using Connect Copy to create a simple flower12.2.6.5. Surface Properties12.2.7. Editing Spline subobjects12.2.7.1. Reverse12.2.7.2. Outline12.2.7.3. Boolean12.2.7.4. Mirror12.2.7.5. Trim and Extend12.2.7.6. Close12.2.7.7. Explode12.2.7.8. Tutorial: Spinning a spider's web12.3. Using Spline Modifiers12.3.1. Spline-specific modifiers12.3.1.1. Edit Spline modifier12.3.1.2. Spline Select modifier12.3.1.3. Delete Spline modifier12.3.1.4. Normalize Spline modifier12.3.1.5. Fillet/Chamfer modifier12.3.1.6. Renderable Spline modifier12.3.1.7. Sweep modifier12.3.1.8. Tutorial: Plumbing with pipes12.3.1.9. Trim/Extend modifier12.3.1.10. Using the Shape Check utility12.3.2. Moving splines to 3D12.3.2.1. Extruding splines12.3.2.2. Tutorial: Routing a custom shelf12.3.2.3. Lathing splines12.3.2.4. Tutorial: Lathing a crucible12.3.2.5. Bevel and Bevel Profile modifiers12.3.2.6. Tutorial: Modeling unique rings12.3.2.7. CrossSection modifier12.4. Summary
13. Modeling with Polygons
13.1. Understanding Poly Objects13.2. Creating Editable Poly Objects13.2.1. Converting objects13.2.2. Collapsing to a mesh object13.2.3. Applying the Edit Poly modifier13.3. Editing Poly Objects13.3.1. Editable Poly subobject modes13.3.2. Selection rollout13.3.3. Tutorial: Modeling a clown head13.3.4. Edit Geometry rollout13.3.4.1. Repeat Last13.3.4.2. Enabling constraints13.3.4.3. Tutorial: Creating a roof truss13.3.4.4. Preserve UVs13.3.4.5. Create13.3.4.6. Collapse13.3.4.7. Attach and Detach13.3.4.8. Slicing and cutting options13.3.4.9. Tutorial: Combining, cutting, and separating a car model13.3.4.10. MSmooth13.3.4.11. Tessellate13.3.4.12. Make Planar13.3.4.13. View and Grid Align13.3.4.14. Relax13.3.4.15. Hide, Copy, and Paste13.3.5. Editing Vertex subobjects13.3.5.1. Remove13.3.5.2. Break13.3.5.3. Extrude13.3.5.4. Weld and Chamfer13.3.5.5. Connect13.3.5.6. Remove Isolated and Unused Map Vertices13.3.5.7. Weight and Crease13.3.6. Editing Edge subobjects13.3.6.1. Split and Insert Vertex13.3.6.2. Bridge Edges13.3.6.3. Create Shape from Selection13.3.6.4. Edit Triangulation13.3.6.5. Turn13.3.7. Editing Border subobjects13.3.7.1. Cap13.3.7.2. Bridge13.3.7.3. Tutorial: Bridging a forearm13.3.8. Editing Polygon and Element subobjects13.3.8.1. Outline and Inset13.3.8.2. Bevel13.3.8.3. Flip13.3.8.4. Retriangulate13.3.8.5. Hinge From Edge13.3.8.6. Extrude Along Spline13.3.8.7. Tutorial: Building an octopus13.3.9. Surface properties13.3.9.1. Vertex Surface properties13.3.9.2. Polygon and Element Surface properties13.3.9.3. Subdivision Surface13.3.10. Tutorial: Modeling a tooth13.4. Summary
IV. Materials, Cameras, and Lighting Basics
14. Exploring the Material Editor
14.1. Understanding Material Properties14.1.1. Colors14.1.2. Opacity and transparency14.1.3. Reflection and refraction14.1.4. Shininess and specular highlights14.1.5. Other properties14.2. Working with the Material Editor14.2.1. Using the Material Editor controls14.2.2. Using the sample slots14.2.2.1. Magnifying a sample slot14.2.2.2. Using different sample objects14.2.2.3. Dragging materials14.2.3. Naming materials14.2.4. Getting new materials14.2.5. Assigning materials to objects14.2.6. Picking materials from a scene14.2.7. Selecting objects by material14.2.8. Previewing materials and rendering maps14.2.9. Setting Material Editor options14.2.10. Resetting materials14.2.11. Removing materials and maps14.2.12. Using the Fix Ambient utility14.2.13. Tutorial: Coloring Easter eggs14.3. Using the Material/Map Browser14.3.1. Working with libraries14.3.2. Tutorial: Loading a custom material library14.4. Using the Material/Map Navigator14.5. Summary
15. Creating and Applying Standard Materials
15.1. Using the Standard Material15.2. Using Shading Types15.2.1. Blinn shader15.2.2. Phong shader15.2.3. Anisotropic shader15.2.4. Multi-Layer shader15.2.5. Oren-Nayar-Blinn shader15.2.6. Metal shader15.2.7. Strauss shader15.2.8. Translucent shader15.2.9. Tutorial: Making curtains translucent15.3. Accessing Other Parameters15.3.1. Extended Parameters rollout15.3.2. SuperSampling rollout15.3.3. Maps rollout15.3.4. Dynamic Properties rollout15.3.5. DirectX Manager rollout15.3.6. mental ray connection rollout15.3.7. Tutorial: Coloring a dolphin15.4. Summary
16. Creating Compound Materials and Using Material Modifiers
16.1. Using Compound Materials16.1.1. Blend16.1.2. Composite16.1.3. Double Sided16.1.4. Multi/Sub-Object16.1.5. Tutorial: Creating a patchwork quilt16.1.6. Morpher16.1.7. Shell16.1.8. Shellac16.1.9. Top/Bottom16.1.10. Tutorial: Surfing the waves16.2. Applying Multiple Materials16.2.1. Using material IDs16.2.2. Tutorial: Mapping die faces16.2.3. Using the Clean MultiMaterial utility16.3. Material Modifiers16.3.1. Material modifier16.3.2. MaterialByElement modifier16.3.3. Tutorial: Creating random marquee lights with the MaterialByElement modifier16.3.4. Disp Approx and Displace Mesh modifiers16.3.5. Tutorial: Displacing geometry with a bitmap16.4. Using Vertex Colors16.4.1. Assigning vertex colors16.4.2. Painting vertices with the Vertex Paint modifier16.4.3. Tutorial: Marking heart tension16.4.4. The Assign Vertex Color utility16.5. Summary
17. Adding Material Details with Maps
17.1. Understanding Maps17.1.1. Different map types17.1.2. Enabling the Global Viewport Rendering Setting17.1.3. Using Real-World maps17.2. Understanding Material Map Types17.2.1. 2D maps17.2.1.1. The Coordinates rollout17.2.1.2. The Noise rollout17.2.1.3. The Time rollout17.2.1.4. The Output rollout17.2.1.5. Bitmap map17.2.1.6. Checker map17.2.1.7. Combustion map17.2.1.8. Gradient map17.2.1.9. Gradient Ramp map17.2.1.10. Swirl map17.2.1.11. Tiles map17.2.2. 3D maps17.2.2.1. Cellular map17.2.2.2. Dent map17.2.2.3. Falloff map17.2.2.4. Marble map17.2.2.5. Noise map17.2.2.6. Particle Age map17.2.2.7. Particle MBlur map17.2.2.8. Perlin Marble map17.2.2.9. Planet map17.2.2.10. Smoke map17.2.2.11. Speckle map17.2.2.12. Splat map17.2.2.13. Stucco map17.2.2.14. Waves map17.2.2.15. Wood map17.2.3. Compositor maps17.2.3.1. Composite map17.2.3.2. Mask map17.2.3.3. Mix map17.2.3.4. RGB Multiply map17.2.4. Color Modifier maps17.2.4.1. Color Correction map17.2.4.2. Output map17.2.4.3. RGB Tint map17.2.4.4. Vertex Color map17.2.5. Miscellaneous maps17.2.5.1. Camera Map Per Pixel map17.2.5.2. Flat Mirror map17.2.5.3. Tutorial: Creating a mirrored surface17.2.5.4. Normal Bump map17.2.5.5. Raytrace map17.2.5.6. Reflect/Refract map17.2.5.7. Thin Wall Refraction map17.2.5.8. Tutorial: Creating a magnifying glass effect17.3. Using the Maps Rollout17.3.1. Tutorial: Aging objects for realism17.4. Using the Map Path Utility17.5. Using Map Instances17.6. Creating Textures with External Tools17.6.1. Creating material textures using Photoshop17.6.2. Capturing digital images17.6.2.1. Avoiding specular highlights17.6.2.2. Adjusting brightness17.6.3. Scanning images17.6.4. Tutorial: Creating a fishing net17.7. Summary
18. Configuring and Aiming Cameras
18.1. Learning to Work with Cameras18.1.1. Creating a camera object18.1.1.1. Free camera18.1.1.2. Target camera18.1.2. Creating a camera view18.1.3. Tutorial: Setting up an opponent's view18.1.4. Controlling a camera18.1.5. Aiming a camera18.1.6. Tutorial: Watching a rocket18.1.7. Aligning cameras18.1.8. Tutorial: Seeing the dinosaur's good side18.2. Setting Camera Parameters18.2.1. Lens settings and field of view18.2.2. Camera type and display options18.2.3. Environment ranges and clipping planes18.2.4. Camera Correction modifier18.2.5. Creating multi-pass camera effects18.2.6. Using the Depth of Field effect18.2.7. Tutorial: Applying a Depth of Field effect to a row of windmills18.2.8. Using the Motion Blur effect18.2.9. Tutorial: Using a Motion Blur multi-pass camera effect18.3. Summary
19. Using Lights and Basic Lighting Techniques
19.1. Understanding the Basics of Lighting19.1.1. Natural and artificial light19.1.2. A standard lighting method19.1.3. Shadows19.2. Getting to Know the Light Types19.2.1. Default lighting19.2.2. Ambient light19.2.3. Standard lights19.2.3.1. Omni light19.2.3.2. Spotlight19.2.3.3. Direct light19.2.3.4. Skylight19.2.3.5. Area Omni and Area Spot19.2.4. Photometric lights19.3. Creating and Positioning Light Objects19.3.1. Transforming lights19.3.2. Viewing lights and shadows in the viewport19.3.3. Listing lights19.3.4. Placing highlights19.3.5. Tutorial: Lighting the snowman's face19.4. Viewing a Scene from a Light19.4.1. Light viewport controls19.4.2. Tutorial: Lighting a lamp19.5. Altering Light Parameters19.5.1. General parameters19.5.2. The Intensity/Color/Attenuation rollout19.5.3. Spotlight and directional light parameters19.5.4. Advanced Effects19.5.5. Shadow parameters19.5.6. Optimizing lights19.5.7. Manipulating Hotspot and Falloff cones19.5.8. Photometric light parameters19.5.8.1. Distribution options19.5.8.2. Color options19.5.8.3. Intensity and Attenuation options19.5.8.4. Light Shapes19.6. Using the Sunlight and Daylight Systems19.6.1. Using the Compass helper19.6.2. Understanding Azimuth and Altitude19.6.3. Specifying date and time19.6.4. Specifying location19.6.5. Tutorial: Animating a day in 20 seconds19.7. Using Volume Lights19.7.1. Volume light parameters19.7.2. Tutorial: Showing car headlights19.7.3. Tutorial: Creating laser beams19.7.4. Using projector maps and raytraced shadows19.7.5. Tutorial: Projecting a trumpet image on a scene19.7.6. Tutorial: Creating a stained-glass window19.8. Summary
V. Animation and Rendering Basics
20. Understanding Animation and Keyframe Basics
20.1. Using the Time Controls20.1.1. Setting frame rate20.1.2. Setting speed and direction20.1.3. Using Time Tags20.2. Working with Keys20.2.1. Auto Key mode20.2.2. Set Key mode20.2.3. Tutorial: Rotating a windmill's blades20.2.4. Creating keys with the Time Slider20.2.5. Copying parameter animation keys20.2.6. Deleting all object animation keys20.3. Using the Track Bar20.4. Viewing and Editing Key Values20.5. Using the Motion Panel20.5.1. Setting parameters20.5.2. Using trajectories20.5.3. Tutorial: Making an airplane follow a looping path20.5.4. Using the Follow/Bank utility20.6. Using Ghosting20.7. Animation Preferences20.8. Animating Objects20.8.1. Animating cameras20.8.2. Tutorial: Animating darts hitting a dartboard20.8.3. Animating lights20.8.4. Animating materials20.8.5. Creating Image File Lists20.8.6. Generating IFL files with the IFL Manager Utility20.8.7. Tutorial: What's on TV?20.9. Working with Previews20.9.1. Creating previews20.9.2. Viewing previews20.9.3. Renaming previews20.10. Summary
21. Animating with Constraints and Controllers
21.1. Restricting Movement with Constraints21.1.1. Using constraints21.1.2. Working with the constraints21.1.2.1. Attachment constraint21.1.2.2. Tutorial: Attaching eyes to a melting snowman21.1.2.3. Surface constraint21.1.2.4. Tutorial: Rolling a tire down a hill with the Surface constraint21.1.2.5. Path constraint21.1.2.6. Tutorial: Creating a spaceship flight path21.1.2.7. Position constraint21.1.2.8. Link constraint21.1.2.9. Tutorial: Skating a figure eight21.1.2.10. LookAt constraint21.1.2.11. Orientation constraint21.1.2.12. Using the Walkthrough Assistant21.2. Understanding Controller Types21.3. Assigning Controllers21.3.1. Automatically assigned controllers21.3.2. Assigning controllers with the Animation menu21.3.3. Assigning controllers in the Motion panel21.3.4. Assigning controllers in the Track View21.3.5. Setting Default Controllers21.4. Examining the Various Controllers21.4.1. Transform controllers21.4.1.1. Position/Rotation/Scale Transform controller21.4.1.2. Script controller21.4.1.3. XRef controller21.4.2. Position track controllers21.4.2.1. Audio controller21.4.2.2. Bézier controller21.4.2.3. Linear controller21.4.2.4. Motion Clip Slave controller21.4.2.5. Noise controller21.4.2.6. Motion Capture controller21.4.2.7. Tutorial: Drawing with a pencil with the Motion Capture controller21.4.2.8. Quaternion (TCB) controller21.4.2.9. Reaction controller21.4.2.10. Spring controller21.4.2.11. Tutorial: Wagging a tail with the Spring controller21.4.2.12. Position XYZ controller21.4.3. Rotation and Scale track controllers21.4.3.1. Euler XYZ Rotation controller21.4.3.2. Smooth Rotation controller21.4.3.3. Scale XYZ controller21.4.4. Parameter controllers21.4.4.1. Boolean controller21.4.4.2. Limit controller21.4.4.3. List controller21.4.4.4. On/Off controller21.4.4.5. Waveform controller21.4.4.6. Color RGB controller21.4.4.7. Cubic Morph controller21.4.4.8. Barycentric Morph controller21.4.4.9. Block controller21.4.4.10. IK controller21.4.4.11. Master Point controller21.5. Summary
22. Learning to Render a Scene
22.1. Render Parameters22.1.1. Initiating a render job22.1.2. Common parameters22.1.2.1. Specifying range and size22.1.2.2. Render options22.1.2.3. Bitmap Proxies22.1.2.4. Choosing a Render Output option22.1.3. E-mail notifications22.1.4. Adding pre-render and post-render scripts22.1.5. Assigning renderers22.1.6. Scanline A-Buffer renderer22.1.6.1. Anti-alias filters22.1.6.2. SuperSampling22.1.6.3. Motion Blur22.1.6.4. Other options22.2. Rendering Preferences22.3. Using the Rendered Frame Window22.3.1. Using the Render Types22.3.2. Previewing with ActiveShade22.4. Using the RAM Player22.4.1.22.4.1.1. Tutorial: Using the RAM Player to combine rendered images into a video file22.5. Using Command-Line Rendering22.6. Creating Panoramic Images22.7. Getting Printer Help22.8. Creating an Environment22.8.1. Defining the rendered environment22.8.1.1. Setting a background color22.8.1.2. Using a background image22.8.1.3. Setting global lighting22.9. Summary
VI. Advanced Modeling
23. Building Complex Scenes with XRefs and Using Vault
23.1. Referencing External Objects23.1.1. Using XRef scenes23.1.1.1. XRef scene options23.1.1.1.1. Updating an external scene23.1.1.1.2. External scene appearance23.1.1.1.3. Positioning an external scene23.1.1.1.4. Specifying an XRef as an Overlay23.1.1.2. Working with XRef scenes23.1.1.3. Tutorial: Adding an XRef scene23.1.2. Using XRef objects23.1.3. Using material XRefs23.1.4. Merging modifiers23.1.5. Using proxies23.1.6. Controller XRefs23.1.7. Configuring XRef paths23.2. Setting Up Asset Tracking23.2.1. Checking in and checking out23.2.2. Logging in23.2.3. Selecting a working folder23.3. Using Autodesk Vault23.3.1. Opening Vault files23.3.2. Using the Asset Tracking interface23.3.3. Getting and adding Vault files23.3.4. Loading older file versions23.3.5. Changing asset paths23.3.6. Working with proxies23.3.7. Tutorial: Editing a Vault asset23.4. Summary
24. Working with the Schematic View
24.1. Using the Schematic View Window24.1.1. The Graph Editors menu options24.1.2. The Schematic View interface24.1.2.1. Using the Schematic View menus24.1.2.2. Learning the toolbar buttons24.1.2.3. Navigating the Schematic View window24.1.3. Working with Schematic View nodes24.1.3.1. Node colors24.1.3.2. Selecting nodes24.1.3.3. Rearranging nodes24.1.3.4. Hiding, shrinking, and deleting nodes24.1.3.5. Renaming objects24.1.3.6. Tutorial: Rearranging the solar system24.2. Working with Hierarchies24.2.1. Using the Display floater24.2.2. Connecting nodes24.2.3. Copying modifiers and materials between nodes24.2.4. Assigning controllers and wiring parameters24.2.5. Tutorial: Linking a character with the Schematic View24.3. Setting Schematic View Preferences24.3.1. Limiting nodes24.3.2. Working with grids and backgrounds24.3.3. Display preferences24.3.4. Tutorial: Adding a background image to the Schematic View24.4. Using List Views24.5. Summary
25. Deforming Surfaces and Using the Mesh Modifiers
25.1. The Basics of Deformation Painting25.1.1. Painting deformations25.1.2. Accessing brush presets25.2. Using the Deformation Brushes25.2.1. Controlling the deformation direction25.2.2. Limiting the deformation25.2.3. Committing any changes25.2.4. Using the Relax and Revert brushes25.2.5. Tutorial: Adding veins to a forearm25.3. Setting Brush Options25.4. Primitive Maintenance Modifiers25.4.1. Edit Mesh modifier25.4.2. Edit Poly modifier25.5. Edit Geometry Modifiers25.5.1. Cap Holes modifier25.5.2. Delete Mesh modifier25.5.3. Extrude modifier25.5.4. Face Extrude modifier25.5.5. Tutorial: Extruding a bullet25.5.6. Optimize modifier25.5.7. MultiRes modifier25.5.8. Tutorial: Creating a MultiRes hand25.5.9. Smooth modifier25.5.10. Symmetry modifier25.5.11. Tutorial: Creating symmetrical antlers25.5.12. Tessellate modifier25.5.13. Vertex Weld modifier25.6. Miscellaneous Modifiers25.6.1. Edit Normals25.6.2. Normal modifier25.6.3. STL Check modifier25.7. Subdivision Surface Modifiers25.7.1. MeshSmooth modifier25.7.2. TurboSmooth modifier25.7.3. Tutorial: Smoothing a birdbath25.7.4. HSDS modifier25.8. Summary
26. Working with Compound Objects
26.1. Understanding Compound Object Types26.2. Morphing Objects26.2.1. Creating Morph keys26.2.2. Morph objects versus the Morph modifier26.2.3. Tutorial: Morphing a woman's face26.3. Creating Conform Objects26.3.1. Setting a vertex projection direction26.3.2. Tutorial: Placing a facial scar26.4. Creating a ShapeMerge Object26.4.1. Cookie Cutter and Merge options26.4.2. Tutorial: Using the ShapeMerge compound object26.5. Creating a Terrain Object26.5.1. Coloring elevations26.5.2. Tutorial: Creating an island with the Terrain compound object26.6. Using the Mesher Object26.7. Working with BlobMesh Objects26.7.1. Setting BlobMesh parameters26.7.2. Tutorial: Creating icy geometry with BlobMesh26.8. Creating a Scatter Object26.8.1. Working with Source objects26.8.2. Working with Distribution objects26.8.3. Setting Transforms26.8.4. Speeding updates with a proxy26.8.5. Loading and saving presets26.8.6. Tutorial: Covering the island with trees26.9. Creating Connect Objects26.9.1. Filling object holes26.9.2. Tutorial: Creating a park bench26.10. Creating a Loft Object26.10.1. Using the Get Shape and Get Path buttons26.10.2. Controlling surface parameters26.10.3. Changing path parameters26.10.4. Setting skin parameters26.10.5. Tutorial: Designing a slip-proof hanger26.10.6. Deforming Loft objects26.10.7. The Deformation window interface26.10.8. Scale Deformation26.10.9. Twist Deformation26.10.10. Teeter Deformation26.10.11. Bevel Deformation26.10.12. Fit Deformation26.10.13. Modifying Loft subobjects26.10.14. Comparing shapes26.10.15. Editing Loft paths26.10.16. Tutorial: Creating drapes26.10.17. Loft objects versus surface tools26.11. Working with ProBoolean and ProCutter Objects26.11.1. Using ProBoolean26.11.2. Tutorial: Creating a keyhole26.11.3. Using ProCutter26.11.4. Tutorial: Creating a jigsaw puzzle26.12. Summary
27. Modeling with Patches and NURBS
27.1. Introducing Patch Grids27.1.1. Creating a patch grid27.1.2. Tutorial: Creating a checkerboard27.2. Editing Patches27.2.1. Editable patches versus the Edit Patch modifier27.2.2. Selecting patch subobjects27.2.3. Working with Patch Geometry27.2.3.1. Attach27.2.3.2. Surface settings27.2.3.3. Patch Smooth27.2.3.4. Relaxing a patch27.2.4. Editing vertices27.2.4.1. Bind and Unbind27.2.4.2. Create27.2.4.3. Delete27.2.4.4. Break27.2.4.5. Hide and Unhide All27.2.4.6. Weld Selected and Weld Target27.2.4.7. Copy and Paste Tangents27.2.4.8. Vertex surface properties27.2.5. Editing handles27.2.6. Editing edges27.2.6.1. Subdivide27.2.6.2. Add Tri and Add Quad27.2.6.3. Create Shape27.2.6.4. Tutorial: Modeling a shell27.2.7. Editing patch and element subobjects27.2.7.1. Detach27.2.7.2. Extrude27.2.7.3. Bevel27.2.7.4. Patch and element surface properties27.2.8. Tutorial: Creating a maple leaf from patches27.3. Using Modifiers on Patch Objects27.3.1. Patch Select modifier27.3.2. Edit Patch modifier27.3.3. Delete Patch modifier27.3.4. Using the Surface tools27.3.4.1. CrossSection modifier27.3.4.2. Surface modifier27.3.4.3. Tutorial: Modeling a brass swan27.4. Creating NURBS Curves and Surfaces27.4.1. NURBS curves27.4.1.1. CV curves versus point curves27.4.1.2. Rendering NURBS curves27.4.2. NURBS surfaces27.4.2.1. CV surfaces versus Point surfaces27.4.2.2. Accessing NURBS subobjects27.4.3. Converting objects to NURBS27.5. Editing NURBS27.5.1. Attach and Import27.5.2. Display options27.5.3. Surface and Curve Approximation27.5.4. The NURBS Creation Toolbox27.5.5. Using NURBS subobject editing tools27.6. Working with NURBS27.6.1. Lofting a NURBS surface27.6.2. Tutorial: Creating a U Loft NURBS spoon27.6.3. Creating a UV Loft surface27.6.4. Lathing a NURBS surface27.6.5. Tutorial: Lathing a NURBS CV curve to create a vase27.6.6. Creating a 1-rail and 2-rail sweep surface27.6.7. Tutorial: Creating a flower stem27.6.8. Sculpting a rectangular NURBS surface27.6.9. Tutorial: Creating a NURBS leaf27.6.10. Tutorial: Sculpting a flower petal27.6.11. NURBS modifiers27.7. Summary
28. Adding and Styling Hair and Fur, and Using Cloth
28.1. Understanding Hair28.2. Working with Hair28.2.1. Growing hair28.2.2. Setting hair properties28.2.3. Tutorial: Adding a spline fringe to a quilt28.3. Styling Hair28.3.1. Using the Style interface28.3.2. Tutorial: Creating a set of fuzzy dice28.3.3. Using hair presets28.3.4. Using hair instances28.4. Rendering Hair28.5. Understanding Cloth28.6. Creating Cloth28.6.1. Using Garment Maker to define cloth28.6.2. Creating cloth from geometry objects28.6.3. Tutorial: Clothing a 3D model28.7. Summary
VII. Advanced Materials
29. Using Specialized Material Types
29.1. Using the Matte/Shadow Material29.1.1. Matte/Shadow Basic Parameters rollout29.1.2. Tutorial: Adding 3D objects to a scene29.2. Using the Ink 'n' Paint Material29.2.1. Controlling paint and ink29.2.2. Tutorial: Cartooning a turtle29.3. Using Architectural Materials29.4. Using the DirectX Shader Material29.5. Using mental ray Materials and Shaders29.5.1. Understanding shaders29.5.2. Accessing mental ray materials and shaders29.5.3. Using the Arch & Design materials29.5.4. Using the ProMaterials29.5.5. Using the Car Paint material29.5.6. Combining bump and displacement maps29.5.7. Using the Subsurface Scattering materials29.6. Summary
30. Unwrapping UVs and Using Pelt Mapping
30.1. Mapping Modifiers30.1.1. UVW Map modifier30.1.2. Tutorial: Using the UVW Map modifier to apply decals30.1.3. UVW Mapping Add and Clear modifiers30.1.4. UVW XForm modifier30.1.5. Map Scaler modifier30.1.6. Camera Map modifier30.2. Using the Unwrap UVW Modifier30.2.1. The Edit UVWs interface30.2.1.1. Using the Options panel30.2.1.2. Using the Edit UVW interface's menu commands30.2.2. Tutorial: Controlling the mapping of a covered wagon30.2.3. Relaxing vertices30.2.4. Using the Quick Planar Map30.2.5. Mapping multiple objects30.2.6. Tutorial: Creating a mapping for a fighter plane30.2.7. Using the Spline mapping30.2.8. Tutorial: Spline mapping a snake30.3. Using Pelt Mapping30.3.1. Selecting seams30.3.2. Positioning the projection gizmo30.3.3. Stretching the pelt mapping30.3.4. Tutorial: Using pelt mapping30.4. Rendering UV Templates30.5. Summary
31. Creating Baked Textures and Normal Maps
31.1. Using Channels31.1.1. Using the Map Channel Info dialog box31.1.2. Select by Channel modifier31.2. Rendering to a Texture31.2.1. General Settings31.2.2. Selecting objects to bake31.2.3. Output settings31.2.4. Baked Material and Automatic Mapping settings31.2.5. Tutorial: Baking the textures for a dog model31.3. Creating Normal Maps31.3.1. Using the Projection modifier31.3.2. Setting Projection Mapping options31.3.3. Tutorial: Creating a normal map for a spikey sphere31.4. Summary
VIII. Advanced Animation Techniques
32. Using Animation Modifiers
32.1. Baking Animation Keys with the Point Cache Modifier32.1.1. Tutorial: Trees in a hurricane32.2. Using the Animation Modifiers32.2.1. Morpher modifier32.2.2. Tutorial: Morphing facial expressions32.2.3. Using the Flex Modifier32.2.3.1. Flex subobjects32.2.3.2. Setting flex strength32.2.3.3. Creating simple soft bodies32.2.3.4. Painting weights32.2.3.5. Adding Forces and Deflectors32.2.3.6. Manually creating springs32.2.3.7. Tutorial: Making a flag wave32.2.4. Melt modifier32.2.5. PatchDeform and SurfDeform modifiers32.2.6. Tutorial: Deforming a car going over a hill32.2.7. PathDeform modifier32.2.8. Linked XForm modifier32.2.9. SplineIK Control modifier32.2.10. Attribute Holder modifier32.3. Summary
33. Animating with the Expression Controller and Wiring Parameters
33.1. Working with Expressions in Spinners33.2. Understanding the Expression Controller Interface33.2.1. Defining variables33.2.2. Building expressions33.2.3. Debugging and evaluating expressions33.2.4. Managing expressions33.2.5. Tutorial: Creating following eyes33.3. Using Expression Controllers33.3.1. Animating transforms with the Expression controller33.3.2. Animating parameters with the Float Expression controller33.3.3. Tutorial: Inflating a balloon33.3.4. Animating materials with the Expression controller33.4. Wiring Parameters33.4.1. Using the Parameter Wiring dialog box33.4.2. Manipulator helpers33.4.3. Tutorial: Controlling a crocodile's bite33.5. Collecting Parameters33.6. Adding Custom Parameters33.7. Summary
34. Working with Function Curves in the Track View
34.1. Learning the Track View Interface34.1.1. The Track View layouts34.1.2. Track View menus and toolbars34.1.2.1. Keys toolbar34.1.2.2. Curves toolbar34.1.2.3. Key Tangents toolbar34.1.2.4. Time toolbar34.1.2.5. Controllers toolbar34.1.2.6. Tools toolbar34.1.2.7. Biped toolbar34.1.2.8. Other toolbars34.1.3. Controller and Key panes34.1.4. Lower interface toolbars34.2. Working with Keys34.2.1. Selecting keys34.2.2. Using soft selection34.2.3. Adding and deleting keys34.2.4. Moving, sliding, and scaling keys34.2.5. Editing keys34.2.6. Using the Randomize Keys utility34.2.7. Using the Euler Filter utility34.2.8. Displaying keyable icons34.3. Editing Time34.3.1. Selecting time and the Select Keys by Time utility34.3.2. Deleting, cutting, copying, and pasting time34.3.3. Reversing, inserting, and scaling time34.3.4. Setting ranges34.4. Editing Curves34.4.1. Inserting new keys and moving keys34.4.2. Tutorial: Animating a monorail34.4.3. Drawing curves34.4.4. Reducing keys34.4.5. Working with tangents34.4.6. Tutorial: Animating a flowing river34.4.7. Applying out-of-range, ease, and multiplier curves34.4.8. Tutorial: Animating a wind-up teapot34.5. Filtering Tracks and Creating Track Sets34.5.1. Using the Filters dialog box34.5.2. Creating a Track Set34.6. Working with Controllers34.6.1. Using visibility tracks34.6.2. Adding Note Tracks34.6.3. Tutorial: Animating a hazard light34.6.4. Tutorial: Animating a checkers move34.7. Synchronizing to a Sound Track34.7.1. Using the Sound Options dialog box34.7.2. Tutorial: Adding sound to an animation34.8. Summary
35. Using Animation Layers and the Motion Mixer
35.1. Using the Animation Layers Toolbar35.2. Working with Animation Layers35.2.1. Enabling animation layers35.2.2. Setting animation layers properties35.2.3. Collapsing animation layers35.2.4. Tutorial: Using animation layers for a plane takeoff35.3. Saving Animation Files35.3.1. Saving biped animations35.3.2. Saving general animations35.4. Loading Animation Sequences35.4.1. Mapping animated objects35.4.2. Using the Map Animation dialog box35.4.3. Retargeting animations35.5. Using the Motion Mixer35.5.1. Learning the Motion Mixer interface35.5.2. Adding layer and transition tracks35.5.3. Editing clips35.5.4. Editing track weights35.5.5. Adding Time Warps35.5.6. Copying mixed animation to a biped35.5.7. Saving and loading Mix files35.5.8. Tutorial: Mixing biped animations35.6. Summary
IX. Dynamic Animation
36. Creating Particles and Particle Flow
36.1. Understanding the Various Particle Systems36.2. Creating a Particle System36.3. Using the Spray and Snow Particle Systems36.3.1. Tutorial: Creating rain showers36.3.2. Tutorial: Creating a snowstorm36.4. Using the Super Spray Particle System36.4.1. Super Spray Basic Parameters rollout36.4.2. Particle Generation rollout36.4.3. Particle Type rollout36.4.3.1. Tutorial: Creating a fireworks fountain36.4.3.2. Tutorial: Adding spray to a spray can36.4.3.3. Using the MetaParticles option36.4.3.4. Tutorial: Spilling soda from a can36.4.3.5. Instanced Geometry36.4.4. Rotation and Collision rollout36.4.5. Tutorial: Basketball shooting practice36.4.6. Object Motion Inheritance rollout36.4.7. Bubble Motion rollout36.4.8. Particle Spawn rollout36.4.9. Load/Save Presets rollout36.5. Using the Blizzard Particle System36.6. Using the PArray Particle System36.6.1. Splitting an object into fragments36.6.2. Tutorial: Creating rising steam36.7. Using the PCloud Particle System36.8. Using Particle System Maps36.8.1. Using the Particle Age map36.8.2. Using the Particle MBlur map36.8.3. Tutorial: Creating jet engine flames36.9. Controlling Particles with Particle Flow36.9.1. The Particle View window36.9.2. The Standard Flow36.9.3. Working with actions36.9.4. Tutorial: Creating an avalanche36.9.5. Using Particle Flow helpers36.9.6. Wiring events36.9.7. Tutorial: Moths chasing a light36.9.8. Debugging test actions36.9.9. Tutorial: Firing at a fleeing spaceship36.10. Summary
37. Using Space Warps
37.1. Creating and Binding Space Warps37.1.1. Creating a Space Warp37.1.2. Binding a Space Warp to an object37.2. Understanding Space Warp Types37.2.1. Force Space Warps37.2.1.1. Motor37.2.1.2. Push37.2.1.3. Vortex37.2.1.4. Drag37.2.1.5. PBomb37.2.1.6. Path Follow37.2.1.7. Gravity37.2.1.8. Wind37.2.1.9. Displace37.2.2. Deflector Space Warps37.2.2.1. POmniFlect, SOmniFlect, and UOmniFlect37.2.2.1.1. Deflector, SDeflector, and UDeflector37.2.3. Geometric/Deformable Space Warps37.2.3.1. FFD (Box) and FFD (Cyl)37.2.3.2. FFD Select modifier37.2.3.3. Wave and Ripple37.2.3.4. Tutorial: Creating pond ripples37.2.3.5. Conform37.2.3.6. Bomb37.2.3.7. Tutorial: Blowing a dandelion puff37.2.4. Modifier-Based Space Warps37.3. Combining Particle Systems with Space Warps37.3.1. Tutorial: Shattering glass37.3.2. Tutorial: Making water flow down a trough37.4. Summary
38. Simulating Physics-Based Motion with reactor
38.1. Understanding Dynamics38.2. Using reactor38.2.1. The reactor process38.2.2. Tutorial: Filling a glass bowl38.3. Using reactor Collections38.3.1. Collection modifiers38.3.2. Setting object properties38.3.2.1. Mass, friction, and elasticity38.3.2.2. Defining collision boundaries38.3.2.3. Modifier properties38.3.3. Tutorial: Throwing a shirt over a chair38.4. Creating reactor Objects38.4.1. Springs and dashpots38.4.2. Plane38.4.3. Motor and Wind38.4.4. Toy Car38.4.5. Fracture38.4.6. Tutorial: Smashing a gingerbread house38.4.7. Water38.4.8. Tutorial: Working with water38.5. Calculating and Previewing a Simulation38.5.1. Using the Preview window38.5.2. Creating animation keys38.5.3. Analyzing the scene38.5.4. Tutorial: Dropping a plate of donuts38.6. Constraining Objects38.6.1. Using a Constraint Solver38.6.2. Rag Doll constraint38.6.3. Tutorial: Swinging into a wall38.7. reactor Troubleshooting38.8. Summary
39. Animating Hair and Cloth
39.1. Using Hair Dynamics39.1.1. Making hair live39.1.2. Setting properties39.1.3. Enabling collisions39.1.4. Enabling forces39.1.5. Running a simulation39.1.6. Tutorial: Simulating hair dynamics39.2. Simulating Cloth Dynamics39.2.1. Defining cloth properties and forces39.2.2. Creating a Cloth simulation39.2.3. Viewing cloth tension39.2.4. Tutorial: Draping cloth over a jet39.3. Summary
X. Working with Characters
40. Understanding Rigging and Working with Bones
40.1. Creating a Rigging Workflow40.2. Building a Bones System40.2.1. Assigning an IK Solver40.2.2. Setting bone parameters40.2.3. Tutorial: Creating a bones system for an alligator40.3. Using the Bone Tools40.3.1. Reordering bones40.3.2. Refining and mirroring bones40.3.3. Coloring bones40.3.4. Adjusting fins40.3.5. Making objects into bones40.4. Summary
41. Working with Inverse Kinematics
41.1. Forward Kinematics versus Inverse Kinematics41.2. Creating an Inverse Kinematics System41.2.1. Building and linking a system41.2.2. Selecting a terminator41.2.3. Defining joint constraints41.2.4. Copying, pasting, and mirroring joints41.2.5. Binding objects41.2.6. Understanding precedence41.2.7. Tutorial: Controlling a backhoe41.3. Using the Various Inverse Kinematics Methods41.3.1. Interactive IK41.3.1.1. IK Preference settings41.3.1.2. Tutorial: Animating a simple IK propeller system41.3.2. Applied IK41.3.3. History Independent IK solver41.3.3.1. Defining a swivel angle41.3.3.2. Displaying IK controls41.3.3.3. Tutorial: Animating a puppet with the HI IK solver41.3.4. History Dependent IK solver41.3.5. Tutorial: Animating a spyglass with the HD IK solver41.3.6. IK Limb solver41.3.7. Tutorial: Animating a spider's leg with the IK Limb solver41.3.8. Spline IK solver41.3.9. Tutorial: Building an IK Spline alligator41.4. Summary
42. Creating and Animating Bipeds and Crowds
42.1. Character Creation Workflow42.2. Creating a Biped42.2.1. Customizing a biped42.2.2. Using Xtras42.2.3. Modifying a biped42.2.4. Setting the Biped display options42.2.5. Selecting tracks42.2.6. Moving and rotating the whole biped42.2.7. Tutorial: Making a biped dive42.2.8. Bending links42.2.9. Working with postures and poses42.2.10. Tutorial: Creating a four-footed biped42.3. Animating a Biped42.3.1. Using Footstep Mode42.3.2. Tutorial: Making a biped jump on a box42.3.3. Converting biped animation clips42.3.4. Using Freeform Mode42.3.5. Setting Freeform keys42.3.6. Using the Keyframing Tools, Layers, and Motion Capture42.3.7. Loading and saving biped animation clips42.3.8. Using Motion Flow Mode42.3.9. Previewing a biped animation42.3.10. Moving a biped with its footsteps42.4. Creating Crowds42.4.1. Using Crowd and Delegate helpers42.4.2. Scattering delegates42.4.3. Setting delegate parameters42.4.4. Assigning behaviors42.4.5. Solving the simulation42.4.6. Tutorial: Rabbits in the forest42.5. Creating a Crowd of Bipeds42.5.1. Associating delegates with objects42.5.2. Associating delegates with objects42.6. Summary
43. Skinning Characters
43.1. Understanding Your Character43.1.1. The curse and blessing of symmetry43.1.2. Dealing with details43.2. Animated Skin Modifiers43.2.1. Understanding the Skinning Process43.2.2. Binding to a skeleton43.2.2.1. Tutorial: Attaching skin to a biped43.2.2.2. Editing envelopes43.2.2.3. Working with weights43.2.2.3.1. Using the Weight Tool43.2.2.3.2. Using the Weight Table43.2.2.3.3. Painting weights43.2.2.4. Tutorial: Applying skin weights43.2.2.5. Mirror settings43.2.2.6. Tutorial: Mirroring skin weights43.2.2.7. Display and Advanced settings43.2.2.8. Using deformers43.2.3. Using the Skin Wrap modifiers43.2.4. Tutorial: Making a simple squirt bottle walk43.2.5. Using the Skin Morph modifier43.2.6. Tutorial: Bulging arm muscles43.3. Using Character Animation Techniques43.4. Summary
XI. Advanced Lighting and Rendering
44. Working with Advanced Lighting, Light Tracing, and Radiosity
44.1. Selecting Advanced Lighting44.1.1. How light tracing works44.1.2. Enabling light tracing44.1.2.1. Color bleeding44.1.2.2. Quality versus speed44.1.2.3. Adaptive undersampling44.1.3. Tutorial: Viewing color bleeding44.2. Using Local Advanced Lighting Settings44.3. Tutorial: Excluding objects from light tracing44.4. Understanding Radiosity44.4.1. Lighting for radiosity44.4.1.1. Subdividing a mesh for radiosity44.4.1.2. Using the Subdivide modifier44.4.1.3. Tutorial: Preparing a mesh for radiosity44.4.1.4. Painting with light44.4.1.5. Rendering parameters and statistics44.4.2. Tutorial: Lighting a house interior with radiosity44.5. Using Local and Global Advanced Lighting Settings44.6. Working with Advanced Lighting Materials44.6.1. Advanced Lighting Override44.6.2. Lightscape material44.7. Using Lighting Analysis44.8. Summary
45. Using Atmospheric and Render Effects
45.1. Using Exposure Controls45.1.1. Automatic, Linear, and Logarithmic Exposure Control45.1.2. Pseudo Color Exposure Control45.1.3. Photographic Exposure Control45.1.4. Tutorial: Using the Logarithmic Exposure Control45.2. Creating Atmospheric Effects45.2.1. Working with the Atmospheric Apparatus45.2.2. Adding effects to a scene45.3. Using the Fire Effect45.3.1. Tutorial: Creating the sun45.3.2. Tutorial: Creating clouds45.4. Using the Fog Effect45.4.1. Using the Volume Fog effect45.4.2. Tutorial: Creating a swamp scene45.4.3. Using the Volume Light effect45.5. Adding Render Effects45.6. Creating Lens Effects45.6.1. Global Lens Effects Parameters45.6.1.1. The Global Parameters tabbed panel45.6.1.2. The Global Scene tabbed panel45.6.2. Glow45.6.2.1. The Glow Element Parameters tabbed panel45.6.2.2. The Glow Element Options tabbed panel45.6.3. Tutorial: Creating shocking electricity from a plug outlet45.6.4. Tutorial: Creating neon45.6.5. Ring45.6.6. Ray45.6.7. Star45.6.8. Streak45.6.9. Auto Secondary45.6.10. Manual Secondary45.6.11. Tutorial: Making an airplane sparkle45.7. Using Other Render Effects45.7.1. Blur render effect45.7.2. Brightness and Contrast render effect45.7.3. Color Balance render effect45.7.4. File Output render effect45.7.5. Film Grain render effect45.7.6. Motion Blur render effect45.7.7. Depth of Field render effect45.8. Summary
46. Raytracing and mental ray
46.1. Using Raytrace Materials46.1.1. Raytrace Basic Parameters46.1.2. Extended Parameters rollout46.1.3. Raytracer Control rollout46.1.4. Additional rollouts46.1.5. Tutorial: Coming up roses46.2. Using a Raytrace Map46.2.1. Setting raytrace parameters46.3. Understanding Global Raytracing Settings46.3.1. Controlling the raytracer46.3.2. Excluding objects46.4. Enabling mental ray46.4.1. mental ray preferences46.4.2. mental ray lights and shadows46.4.2.1. Enabling mental ray Shadow Maps46.4.2.2. Using mental ray Sun & Sky46.4.2.3. Using mental ray Sky Portal46.4.2.4. Understanding caustics and photons46.4.2.5. Tutorial: Using Caustic Photons to create a disco ball46.4.2.6. Enabling caustics and global illumination for objects46.4.3. Controlling Indirect Illumination46.4.4. Rendering control46.4.5. Advanced mental ray46.4.6. Using mental ray proxies46.5. Summary
47. Batch and Network Rendering
47.1. Batch Rendering Scenes47.1.1. Using the Batch Render tool47.1.2. Managing scene states47.1.3. Creating a standalone executable47.2. Understanding Network Rendering47.3. Setting up a Network Rendering System47.4. Starting the Network Rendering System47.4.1. Tutorial: Initializing the network rendering system47.4.2. Tutorial: Completing your first network rendering job47.4.3. Job assignment options47.5. Configuring the Network Manager and Servers47.5.1. The network manager settings47.5.2. The network servers settings47.6. Logging Errors47.7. Using the Monitor47.7.1. Jobs47.7.2. Servers47.8. Summary
48. Compositing with Render Elements and the Video Post Interface
48.1. Using External Compositing Packages48.1.1. Compositing with Photoshop48.1.2. Video editing with Premiere48.1.3. Tutorial: Creating a montage of Space Warp animations48.1.4. Video compositing with After Effects48.1.5. Tutorial: Adding animation effects using After Effects48.1.6. Introducing Combustion48.1.6.1. Using Combustion maps48.1.6.2. Using Render Elements with Combustion48.1.7. Using other compositing solutions48.2. Using Render Elements48.3. Completing Post-Production with the Video Post Interface48.3.1. The Video Post toolbar48.3.2. The Video Post Queue and Range panes48.3.3. The Video Post status bar48.4. Working with Sequences48.5. Adding and Editing Events48.5.1. Adding an image input event48.5.2. Adding scene events48.5.3. Adding image filter events48.5.3.1. Contrast filter48.5.3.2. Fade filter48.5.3.3. Image Alpha filter48.5.3.4. Negative filter48.5.3.5. Pseudo Alpha filter48.5.3.6. Simple Wipe filter48.5.3.7. Starfield filter48.5.3.8. Tutorial: Creating space backdrops48.5.4. Adding image layer events48.5.4.1. Adobe Premiere Transition filter48.5.4.2. Simple Wipe compositor48.5.4.3. Other layer filters48.5.5. Adding external events48.5.6. Using loop events48.5.7. Adding an image output event48.6. Working with Ranges48.7. Working with Lens Effects Filters48.7.1. Adding flares48.7.2. Adding focus48.7.3. Adding glow48.7.4. Adding highlights48.7.5. Tutorial: Making a halo shine48.7.6. Adding backgrounds and filters using Video Post48.8. Summary
XII. MAXScript and Plug-Ins
49. Automating with MAXScript
49.1. What Is MAXScript?49.2. MAXScript Tools49.2.1. The MAXScript menu49.2.2. The MAXScript Utility rollout49.2.3. Tutorial: Using the SphereArray script49.2.4. The MAXScript Listener window49.2.5. Tutorial: Talking to the MAXScript interpreter49.2.6. MAXScript Editor windows49.2.7. The Macro Recorder49.2.8. Tutorial: Recording a simple script49.2.9. The MAXScript Debugger49.2.9.1. Watching variables49.2.9.2. Using debugger commands49.2.9.3. Configuring the debugger49.3. Setting MAXScript Preferences49.4. Types of Scripts49.4.1. Macro scripts49.4.2. Scripted utilities49.4.3. Scripted right-click menus49.4.4. Scripted mouse tools49.4.5. Scripted plug-ins49.5. Writing Your Own MAXScripts49.5.1. Variables and data types49.5.2. Tutorial: Using variables49.5.3. Program flow and comments49.5.4. Expressions49.5.4.1. Simple expressions49.5.4.2. Complex expressions49.5.5. Conditions49.5.6. Collections and arrays49.5.7. Loops49.5.8. Functions49.5.9. Tutorial: Creating a school of fish49.5.9.1. Part 1: Making the fish follow a path49.5.9.2. Part 2: Adding body rotation and tail animation49.5.9.3. Part 3: Animating the second fish49.6. Learning the Visual MAXScript Editor Interface49.6.1. The Editor interface49.6.2. The menus and the main toolbar49.6.3. Toolbar elements49.7. Laying Out a Rollout49.7.1. Aligning and spacing elements49.7.2. Tutorial: Building a custom rollout with the Visual MAXScript Editor49.8. Summary
50. Expanding Max with Third-Party Plug-Ins
50.1. Using Turbo Squid Tentacles50.2. Working with Plug-Ins50.2.1. Installing plug-ins50.2.2. Viewing installed plug-ins50.2.3. Managing plug-ins50.2.4. Tutorial: Installing and using the AfterBurn Plug-in Demo50.3. Locating Plug-Ins50.4. Summary
A. What's New with 3ds Max 2009
A.1. Major ImprovementsA.1.1. 3ds Max 2009 and 3ds Max 2009 DesignA.1.2. ViewCube and Steering WheelsA.1.3. InfoCenter toolbarA.1.4. Photometric LightsA.1.5. ProMaterialsA.1.6. Spline MappingA.1.7. Composite and Color Correction MapsA.1.8. Iterative RenderingA.1.9. New mental ray render elementsA.1.10. Walkthrough AssistantA.1.11. Biped improvementsA.1.12. Lighting Analysis AssistantA.1.13. Mental ray ProxyA.2. Minor Improvements
B. What's on the DVD
B.1. System RequirementsB.2. Using the DVD with WindowsB.3. What's on the DVDB.3.1. Author-created materialsB.3.2. ApplicationsB.3.3. 3D modelsB.3.4. eBook version of 3ds Max 2009 BibleB.3.5. Bonus chaptersB.4. TroubleshootingB.5. Customer Care

Content preview from 3ds Max® 2009 Bible

Chapter 21. Animating with Constraints and Controllers

When you first begin animating and working with keys, having Max figure out all the frames between the start and end keys seems amazing, especially if you've ever animated in 2D by drawing every frame. But soon you realize that animating with keys can be time-consuming for complex realistic motions, and again, Max comes to the rescue. You can use animation constraints and controllers to automate the creation of keys for certain types of motions.

Constraints and controllers store and manage the key values for all animations in Max. When you animate an object using the Auto Key button, the default controller is automatically assigned. You can change the assigned controller or alter its parameters using the Motion panel or the Track View.

This chapter explains how to work with constraints and controllers and examines all the various types that are available. For example, you can use the Noise controller to add random motion to a flag blowing in the wind, the Surface constraint to keep a bumper car moving ...

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
and much more.

Read now

Unlock full access

More than 5,000 organizations count on O’Reilly

O’Reilly covers everything we've got, with content to help us build a world-class technology community, upgrade the capabilities and competencies of our teams, and improve overall team performance as well as their engagement.

Julian F.

Head of Cybersecurity

I wanted to learn C and C++, but it didn't click for me until I picked up an O'Reilly book. When I went on the O’Reilly platform, I was astonished to find all the books there, plus live events and sandboxes so you could play around with the technology.

Addison B.

Field Engineer

I’ve been on the O’Reilly platform for more than eight years. I use a couple of learning platforms, but I'm on O'Reilly more than anybody else. When you're there, you start learning. I'm never disappointed.

Amir M.

Data Platform Tech Lead

I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.

Mark W.

Embedded Software Engineer

Publisher Resources

ISBN: 9780470381304Purchase book

Cloud Computing

Data Engineering

Data Science

AI & ML

Programming Languages

Software Architecture

IT/Ops

Security

Design

Business

Soft Skills

3ds Max® 2009 Bible

by Kelly L. Murdock

Chapter 21. Animating with Constraints and Controllers

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
and much more.