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2.1 Why Statistics? 24
2.2 Measurement Scales, Modeling Types, and Roles 28
2.2.1a Nominal Scale 29
2.2.1b Ordinal Scale 29
2.2.1c Interval Scale 29
2.2.1d Ratio Scale 29
2.2.2 Which Scale? 30
2.2.3 Responses and Factors 31
2.3 Statistical Inference: From a Sample to a Population 34
2.3.1 Random Sampling 38
2.3.2 Randomization 42
2.4 Descriptive Statistics and Graphical Displays 44
2.5 Quantifying Uncertainty: Common Probability Distributions 55
2.5.1 Normal Distribution 59
2.6 Useful Statistical Intervals 65
2.6.1 Confidence Interval for the Mean 67
2.6.2 Prediction Interval for One Future Observation 67
2.6.3 Tolerance Interval to Contain a Given Proportion p of the Sampled Population 68
2.6.4 What Does Confidence ...