book

Battery Management System and its Applications

Name: Battery Management System and its Applications
ISBN: 9781119154006

by Xiaojun Tan, Andrea Vezzini, Yuqian Fan, Neeta Khare, You Xu, Liangliang Wei

December 2022

Beginner to intermediate

416 pages

15h 41m

English

Wiley

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Cover
Title page
Copyright
Preface
About the Authors
Part I Introduction
1 Why Does a Battery Need a BMS?
1.1 General Introduction to a BMS1.1.1 Why a Battery Needs a BMS1.1.2 What Is a BMS?1.1.3 Why a BMS Is Required in Any Energy Storage System1.1.4 How a BMS Makes a Storage System Efficient, Safe, and Dependable1.2 Example of a BMS in a Real System1.2.1 LabView Based BMS1.2.2 PLC Based BMS1.2.3 Microprocessor Based BMS1.2.4 Microcontroller Based BMS1.3 System Failures Due to the Absence of a BMS1.3.1 Dreamline Boeing Fire Incidences1.3.2 Fire Accident at the Hawaii Grid Connected Energy Storage1.3.3 Fire Accidents in Electric VehiclesReferences
2 General Requirements (Functions and Features)
2.1 Basic Functions of a BMS2.1.1 Key Parameter Monitoring2.1.2 Battery State Analysis2.1.3 Safety Management2.1.4 Energy Control Management2.1.5 Information Management2.2 Topological Structure of a BMS2.2.1 Relationship Between a BMC and a Cell2.2.2 Relationship Between a BCU and a BMCReferences
3 General Procedure of the BMS Design
3.1 Universal Battery Management System and Customized Battery Management System3.1.1 Ideal Condition3.1.2 Feasible Solution3.1.3 Discussion of Universality3.2 General Development Flow of the Power Battery Management System3.2.1 Applicable Standards for BMS Development3.2.2 Boundary of BMS Development3.2.3 Battery Characteristic Test Is Essential to BMS Development3.3 Core Status of Battery Modeling in the BMS Development ProcessReferences
Part II Li-Ion Batteries

4 Introduction to Li-Ion Batteries
4.1 Components of Li-Ion Batteries: Electrodes, Electrolytes, Separators, and Cell Packing4.2 Li-Ion Electrode Manufacturing4.3 Cell Assembly in an Li-Ion Battery4.4 Safety and Cost PredictionReferences
5 Schemes of Battery Testing
5.1 Battery Tests for BMS Development5.1.1 Test Items and Purpose5.1.2 Standardization of Characteristic Tests5.1.3 Some Issues on Characteristic Tests5.1.4 Contents of Other Sections of This Chapter5.2 Capacity and the Charge and Discharge Rate Test5.2.1 Test Methods5.2.2 Test Report Template5.3 Discharge Rate Characteristic Test5.3.1 Test Method5.3.2 Test Report Template5.4 Charge and Discharge Equilibrium Potential Curves and Equivalent Internal Resistance Tests5.4.1 Test Method for Discharge Electromotive Force Curve and Equivalent Internal Resistance5.4.2 Test Method for Charge Electromotive Force Curve and Equivalent Internal Resistance5.4.3 Discussion of the Test Method5.4.4 Test Report Template5.5 Battery Cycle Test5.5.1 Features of Battery Cycle Test5.5.2 Fixed Rate Cycle Test Method5.5.3 Cycle Test Schemes Based on Standard Working Conditions5.5.4 Test Report Template5.6 Phased Evaluation of the Cycle Process5.6.1 Evaluation Method5.6.2 Estimation of the Test Time5.6.3 Test Report TemplateReferences
6 Test Results and Analysis
6.1 Characteristic Test Results and Their Analysis6.1.1 Actual Test Arrangement6.1.2 Characteristic Test Results of the LiFePO4 Battery6.1.3 Characteristic Test Results of the Li(NiCoMn)O2 Ternary Battery6.1.4 Characteristics Comparison of the Two Battery Types6.2 Degradation Test and Analysis6.2.1 Capacity Change Rule During Battery Degradation6.2.2 Internal Resistance Spectrum Change Rule During Battery Degradation6.2.3 Impact of Storage Conditions on Battery DegradationReferences
7 Battery Modeling
7.1 Battery Modeling for BMS7.1.1 Purpose of Battery Modeling7.1.2 Battery Modeling Requirement of BMS7.2 Common Battery Models and Their Deficiencies7.2.1 Non-circuit Models7.2.2 Equivalent Circuit Models7.3 External Characteristics of the Li-Ion Power Battery and Their Analysis7.3.1 Electromotive Force Characteristic of the Li-Ion Battery7.3.2 Over-potential Characteristics of the Li-Ion Battery7.4 A Power Battery Model Based on a Three-Order RC Network7.4.1 Establishment of a New Power Battery Model7.4.2 Estimation of Model Parameters7.5 Model Parameterization and Its Online Identification7.5.1 Offline Extension Method of Model Parameters7.5.2 Online Identification Method of Model Parameters7.6 Battery Cell Simulation Model7.6.1 Realization of Battery Cell Simulation Model Based on Matlab/Simulink7.6.2 Model ValidationReferences
Part III Functions of BMS
8 Battery Monitoring
8.1 Discussion on Real Time and Synchronization8.1.1 Factors Causing Delay8.1.2 Synchronization8.1.3 Negative Impact of Non-real-time and Non-synchronous Problems8.1.4 Proposal on Solution8.2 Battery Voltage Monitoring8.2.1 Voltage Monitoring Based on a Photocoupler Relay Switch Array (PhotoMOS)8.2.2 Voltage Monitoring Based on a Differential Operational Amplifier8.2.3 Voltage Monitoring Based on a Special Integrated Chip8.2.4 Comparison of Various Voltage Monitoring Schemes8.2.5 Significance of Accurate Voltage Monitoring for Effective Capacity Utilization of the Battery Pack8.3 Battery Current Monitoring8.3.1 Accuracy8.3.2 Current Monitoring Based on Series Resistance8.3.3 Current Monitoring Based on a Hall Sensor8.3.4 A Compromised Method8.4 Temperature Monitoring8.4.1 Importance of Temperature Monitoring8.4.2 Common Implementation Schemes8.4.3 Setting of the Temperature Sensor8.4.4 AccuracyReferences
9 SoC Estimation of a Battery
9.1 Different Understandings of the SoC Definition9.1.1 Difference on the Understanding of SoC9.1.2 Difference and Relation Between SoC and SoP as Well as SoE9.2 Classical Estimation Methods9.2.1 Coulomb Counting Method9.2.2 Open Circuit Voltage Method9.2.3 A Compromised Method9.2.4 Estimation Methods Not Applicable for the Lithium-Ion Battery9.3 Difficulty in an SoC Estimation9.3.1 Difficulty in an Estimation Resulting from Inaccurate Battery State Monitoring9.3.2 Difficulty in an Estimation Resulting from Battery Difference9.3.3 Difficulty in an Estimation Resulting from an Uncertain Future Working Condition9.3.4 Difficulty in an Estimation Resulting from an Uncertain Battery Usage History9.4 Actual Problems to Be Considered During an SoC Estimation9.4.1 Safety of the Electric Vehicle9.4.2 Feasibility9.4.3 Actual Requirements of Drivers9.5 Estimation Method Based on the Battery Model and the Extended Kalman Filter9.5.1 Common Complicated Estimation Method9.5.2 Advantages of a Kalman Filter in an SoC Estimation9.5.3 Combination of an EKF and a Lithium-Ion Battery Model9.5.4 Implementation Rule of the EKF Algorithm9.5.5 Experimental Verification9.6 Error Spectrum of the SoC Estimation Based on the EKF9.6.1 Estimation Error Caused by the Inaccurate Battery Model9.6.2 Estimation Error Resulting from a Measurement Error of the Sensor9.6.3 Factors Affecting SoC Estimation AccuracyReferences
10 Charge Control
10.1 Introduction10.2 Charging Power Categories10.3 Charge Control Methods10.3.1 Semi-constant Current10.3.2 Constant Current (CC)10.3.3 Constant Voltage (CV)10.3.4 Constant Power (CP)10.3.5 Time-Based Charging10.3.6 Pulse Charging10.3.7 Trickle Charging10.4 Effect of Charge Control on Battery Performance10.5 Charging Circuits10.5.1 Half-Bridge and Full-Bridge Circuits10.5.2 On-Board Charger (Level 1 and Level 2 Chargers)10.5.3 Off-Board Charger (Level 3)10.5.4 Fast Charger10.5.5 Ultra-Fast Charger10.6 Infrastructure Development and Challenges10.6.1 Home Charging Station10.6.2 Workplace Charging Station10.6.3 Community and Highways EV Charging Station10.6.4 Electrical Infrastructure Upgrades10.6.5 Infrastructure Challenges and Issues10.6.6 Commercially Available Charges10.7 Isolation and Safety Requirement for EC ChargersReferences
11 Balancing/Balancing Control
11.1 Balancing Control Management and Its Significance11.1.1 Two Expressions of Battery Capacity and SoC Inconsistency11.1.2 Significance of Balancing Control Management11.2 Classification of Balancing Control Management11.2.1 Centralized Balancing and Distributed Balancing11.2.2 Discharge Balancing, Charge Balancing, and Bidirectional Balancing11.2.3 Passive Balancing and Active Balancing11.3 Review and Analysis of Active Balancing Technologies11.3.1 Independent-Charge Active Balancing Control11.3.2 Energy-Transfer Active Balancing Control11.3.3 How to Evaluate the Advantages and Disadvantages of an Active Balancing Control Scheme (an Efficiency Problem of Active Balancing Control)11.4 Balancing Strategy Study11.4.1 Balancing Time11.4.2 Variable for Balancing11.5 Two Active Balancing Control Strategies11.5.1 Topologies of Two Active Balancing Schemes11.5.2 Hierarchical Balancing Control Strategy11.5.3 Lead-Acid Battery Transfer Balancing Control Strategy11.6 Evaluation and Comparison of Balancing Control Strategies11.6.1 Evaluation Indexes of Balancing Control Strategies11.6.2 Comparison of Flows for Balancing Strategies11.6.3 Comparison of Balancing Time11.6.4 Comparison of Energy Consumption11.6.5 Comparison of the Impact of Balancing on Battery Life11.6.6 Comparison of the Capacity Utilization Ratio11.6.7 Analysis of the Optimization CaseReferences
12 State of Health (SoH) Estimation of a Battery
12.1 Definition and Indices/Parameters of SoH12.1.1 Relationship Between Battery Degradation and Battery Life12.1.2 Relationship Between Battery Degradation and SoH of the Battery12.1.3 Main Indicators to Describe Battery Degradation12.2 Modeling of Battery Degradation (Aging) and SoH Estimation12.2.1 Support Vector Regression12.2.2 Battery Degradation Model Based on a Support Vector Regression Machine12.2.3 Steps and Procedures for Evaluating Battery Degradation12.3 Battery Degradation Diagnosis for EVs12.3.1 Offline Degradation Diagnosis of the Power Battery12.3.2 Online Degradation Diagnosis of the Power BatteryReferences
13 Communication Interface for BMS
13.1 BMS Communication Bus and Protocols13.1.1 System Management Bus (SMBus)13.1.2 BMS: Internal Data Communication13.1.3 BMS: External Data Communication13.2 Higher-Layer Communication Protocols13.3 A Case Study: Universal CiA EnergyBus for a Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV)References
14 Battery Lifecycle Information Management
14.1 Data Type of Power Battery14.2 Vehicle Instrument Data Display14.2.1 Battery Information Displayed on the Vehicle Instrument14.2.2 Upgrade Based on a Traditional Instrument Panel14.2.3 Design of the New Instrument Panel14.3 Battery Data Transmission Mode14.3.1 Hardware Implementation of Data Transmission14.3.2 Control Flow of Data Transmission14.3.3 Hierarchical Management of Power Battery Data14.4 Information Concerning a Full-Power Battery Lifecycle14.4.1 Database Structure of a Power Battery14.4.2 Power Battery Data Volume Estimation14.5 Storage and Analysis of Historical Information of a Battery14.5.1 Necessity for Storage of Historical Information14.5.2 Achievement of Historical Information Storage14.5.3 Analysis and Processing of Historical Information14.6 Battery Detection System Based on a Mobile Terminal14.6.1 Server Program Design and Implementation14.6.2 Design and Implementation of the Mobile TerminalReference
Part IV Case Studies
15 BMS for an E-Bike
15.1 Balancing15.1.1 Passive Balancing15.1.2 Active Charge Compensation15.2 Battery Pack Design for an E-Bike15.2.1 E-Bike Battery Pack Design Specifications15.2.2 Testing15.3 Methodology15.4 Active Balancing Solutions15.4.1 Structure of LTC330015.4.2 Discharging Procedure15.4.3 Charging Process15.5 Test Results15.5.1 Measurements with Different Discharges15.5.2 Comparison Between the Batteries15.6 Possibility with Active Balancing15.7 Results and EvaluationReference
16 BMS for a Fork-Lift
16.1 Lithium-Iron-Phosphate Batteries for Fork-Lifts16.2 Battery Management Systems for Fork-Lifts16.3 The LIONIC® Battery System for Truck Applications16.4 Application16.5 The Usable Energy Li-Ion Traction BatteriesReference
17 BMS for a Minibus
17.1 Internal Resistance Analysis of a Power Battery System and Discharging Strategy Research of Vehicles17.1.1 Internal Resistance Change Characteristic Research of a Power Battery17.1.2 Internal Resistance Characteristic—Based Discharge Strategy17.1.3 Research of a Charging Method for a Power Battery System Based on an Internal Resistance Characteristic17.2 Consistency Evaluation Research of a Power Battery System17.2.1 Analysis of a Battery Pack Maintenance Strategy and Performance Evaluation Index17.2.2 Comparison of the Battery Pack Performance Evaluation Methods17.2.3 Internal Resistance Characteristic-Based Consistency Evaluation Theory of the Battery Pack17.2.4 Internal Resistance Characteristic-Based Consistency Evaluation of the Battery Pack17.2.5 Internal Resistance Characteristic-Based Staged Consistency Evaluation Method for the Battery Pack17.2.6 Internal Resistance Consistency Evaluation Test of the Battery Pack for a Pure Electric Vehicle17.3 Safety Management and Protection of a Power Battery System
Index
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Content preview from Battery Management System and its Applications

6 Test Results and Analysis

This chapter provides the characteristic test and degradation test results of the LiFePO₄ and Li(NiCoMn)O₂ power batteries widely used in electric vehicles and their contrasting analysis to provide a reference for BMS research and development.

6.1 Characteristic Test Results and Their Analysis

6.1.1 Actual Test Arrangement

After the sample of a new battery is obtained, the BMS developers are required to make a characteristic test for the battery sample to obtain enough parameters. The comparatively complete characteristic tests are given in Table 6.1. The test items mainly include the battery capacity, the equilibrium potential curve, and the equivalent internal resistance curve. In order to obtain the characteristics of a certain type of battery at different temperatures, a –10 to 40°C test ambient temperature range was selected and a set of data was collected every 10°C. In fact, the temperature range of the characteristic test should basically cover the actual operating temperature range of the battery. The temperature range from –10 to 40°C mentioned in this section is only applicable to the specific application of a certain battery type. In the actual work, the test temperature range can be selected according to different practical applications. The specific steps of the characteristic test have been discussed in detailed in Chapter 5 and will not be repeated in this chapter, which mainly provides the characteristics test results and their ...

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Advanced Battery Management Technologies for Electric Vehicles

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Battery Management System and its Applications

by Xiaojun Tan, Andrea Vezzini, Yuqian Fan, Neeta Khare, You Xu, Liangliang Wei

6 Test Results and Analysis