book

Beginning PHP and MySQL: From Novice to Professional Fourth Edition

Name: Beginning PHP and MySQL: From Novice to Professional Fourth Edition
Author: W. Jason Gilmore
ISBN: 9781430231141

by W. Jason Gilmore

September 2010

Beginner

821 pages

18h 4m

English

Apress

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Copyright
About the Author
About the Technical Reviewer
Acknowledgments
Introduction
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1. Introducing PHP
1.1. History1.1.1. PHP 41.1.2. PHP 51.1.3. PHP 5.31.1.4. PHP 61.2. General Language Features1.2.1. Practicality1.2.2. Power1.2.3. Possibility1.2.4. Price1.3. Summary
2. Configuring Your Environment
2.1. Installation Prerequisites2.1.1. Downloading Apache2.1.2. Downloading PHP2.1.3. Downloading the Documentation2.1.3.1. Downloading the Apache Manual2.1.3.2. Downloading the PHP Manual2.2. Installing Apache and PHP on Linux2.3. Installing Apache and PHP on Windows2.4. Installing IIS and PHP on Windows2.5. Testing Your Installation2.6. Configuring PHP2.6.1. Configuring PHP at Build Time on Linux2.6.2. Customizing the Windows Build2.7. Run-Time Configuration2.7.1. Managing PHP's Configuration Directives2.7.1.1.2.7.1.1.1. The php.ini File2.7.1.1.2. The Apache httpd.conf and .htaccess Files2.7.1.1.3. Within the Executing Script2.7.1.1.4. Configuration Directive Scope2.7.2. PHP's Configuration Directives2.7.2.1. Language Options2.7.2.1.1. engine = On | Off2.7.2.1.2. zend.ze1_compatibility_mode = On | Off2.7.2.1.3. short_open_tag = On | Off2.7.2.1.4. asp_tags = On | Off2.7.2.1.5. precision = integer2.7.2.1.6. y2k_compliance = On | Off2.7.2.1.7. output_buffering = On | Off | integer2.7.2.1.8. output_handler = string2.7.2.1.9. zlib.output_compression = On | Off | integer2.7.2.1.10. zlib.output_handler = string2.7.2.1.11. implicit_flush = On | Off2.7.2.1.12. unserialize_callback_func = integer2.7.2.1.13. serialize_precision = integer2.7.2.1.14. allow_call_time_pass_reference = On | Off2.7.2.2. Safe Mode2.7.2.2.1. safe_mode = On | Off2.7.2.2.2. safe_mode_gid = On | Off2.7.2.2.3. safe_mode_include_dir = string2.7.2.2.4. safe_mode_exec_dir = string2.7.2.2.5. safe_mode_allowed_env_vars = string2.7.2.2.6. safe_mode_protected_env_vars = string2.7.2.2.7. open_basedir = string2.7.2.2.8. disable_functions = string2.7.2.2.9. disable_classes = string2.7.2.2.10. ignore_user_abort = Off | On2.7.2.3. Syntax Highlighting2.7.2.3.1. highlight.string = string2.7.2.3.2. highlight.comment = string2.7.2.3.3. highlight.keyword = string2.7.2.3.4. highlight.bg = string2.7.2.3.5. highlight.default = string2.7.2.3.6. highlight.html = string2.7.2.4. Miscellaneous2.7.2.4.1. expose_php = On | Off2.7.2.5. Resource Limits2.7.2.5.1. max_execution_time = integer2.7.2.5.2. max_input_time = integer2.7.2.5.3. memory_limit = integerM2.7.2.6. Data Handling2.7.2.6.1. arg_separator.output = string2.7.2.6.2. arg_separator.input = string2.7.2.6.3. variables_order = string2.7.2.6.4. register_globals = On | Off2.7.2.6.5. register_long_arrays = On | Off2.7.2.6.6. register_argc_argv = On | Off2.7.2.6.7. post_max_size = integerM2.7.2.6.8. magic_quotes_gpc = On | Off2.7.2.6.9. magic_quotes_runtime = On | Off2.7.2.6.10. magic_quotes_sybase = On | Off2.7.2.6.11. auto_prepend_file = string2.7.2.6.12. auto_append_file = string2.7.2.6.13. default_mimetype = string2.7.2.6.14. default_charset = string2.7.2.6.15. always_populate_raw_post_data = On | Off2.7.2.7. Paths and Directories2.7.2.7.1. include_path = string2.7.2.7.2. doc_root = string2.7.2.7.3. user_dir = string2.7.2.7.4. extension_dir = string2.7.2.7.5. enable_dl = On | Off2.7.2.8. Fopen Wrappers2.7.2.8.1. allow_url_fopen = On | Off2.7.2.8.2. from = string2.7.2.8.3. user_agent = string2.7.2.8.4. default_socket_timeout = integer2.7.2.8.5. auto_detect_line_endings = On | Off2.7.2.9. Dynamic Extensions2.7.2.9.1. extension = string2.8. Choosing a Code Editor2.8.1. Adobe Dreamweaver CS52.8.2. Notepad++2.8.3. PDT (PHP Development Tools)2.8.4. Zend Studio2.9. Choosing a Web Hosting Provider2.9.1. Seven Questions for Any Prospective Hosting Provider2.10. Summary
3. PHP Basics
3.1. Embedding PHP Code in Your Web Pages3.1.1. Default Syntax3.1.2. Short-Tags3.1.3. Script3.1.4. ASP Style3.1.5. Embedding Multiple Code Blocks3.2. Commenting Your Code3.2.1. Single-Line C++ Syntax3.2.2. Shell Syntax3.2.3. Multiple-Line C Syntax3.3. Outputting Data to the Browser3.3.1. The print() Statement3.3.2. The echo() Statement3.3.3. The printf() Statement3.3.4. The sprintf() Statement3.4. PHP's Supported Data Types3.4.1. Scalar Data Types3.4.1.1. Boolean3.4.1.2. Integer3.4.1.3. Float3.4.1.4. String3.4.2. Compound Data Types3.4.2.1. Array3.4.2.2. Object3.4.3. Converting Between Data Types Using Type Casting3.4.4. Adapting Data Types with Type Juggling3.4.5. Type-Related Functions3.4.5.1. Retrieving Types3.4.5.2. Converting Types3.4.6. Type Identifier Functions3.5. Identifiers3.6. Variables3.6.1. Variable Declaration3.6.1.1. Value Assignment3.6.1.2. Reference Assignment3.6.2. Variable Scope3.6.2.1. Local Variables3.6.2.2. Function Parameters3.6.2.3. Global Variables3.6.2.4. Static Variables3.6.3. PHP's Superglobal Variables3.6.3.1. Learning More About the Server and Client3.6.3.2. Retrieving Variables Passed Using GET3.6.3.3. Retrieving Variables Passed Using POST3.6.3.4. Retrieving Information Stored Within Cookies3.6.3.5. Retrieving Information About Files Uploaded Using POST3.6.3.6. Learning More About the Operating System Environment3.6.3.7. Retrieving Information Stored in Sessions3.6.4. Variable Variables3.7. Constants3.7.1.3.7.1.1. Defining a Constant3.8. Expressions3.8.1. Operands3.8.2. Operators3.8.2.1. Operator Precedence3.8.2.2. Operator Associativity3.8.2.3. Arithmetic Operators3.8.2.4. Assignment Operators3.8.2.5. String Operators3.8.2.6. Increment and Decrement Operators3.8.2.7. Logical Operators3.8.2.8. Equality Operators3.8.2.9. Comparison Operators3.8.2.10. Bitwise Operators3.9. String Interpolation3.9.1. Double Quotes3.9.2. Escape Sequences3.9.3. Single Quotes3.9.4. Curly Braces3.9.5. Heredoc3.9.6. Nowdoc3.10. Control Structures3.10.1. Conditional Statements3.10.1.1. The if Statement3.10.1.2. The else Statement3.10.1.3. The elseif Statement3.10.1.4. The switch Statement3.10.2. Looping Statements3.10.2.1. The while Statement3.10.2.2. The do...while Statement3.10.2.3. The for Statement3.10.2.4. The foreach Statement3.10.2.5. The break and goto Statements3.10.2.6. The continue Statement3.10.3. File-Inclusion Statements3.10.3.1. The include() Statement3.10.3.2. Ensuring a File Is Included Only Once3.10.3.3. Requiring a File3.10.3.4. Ensuring a File Is Required Only Once3.11. Summary
4. Functions
4.1. Invoking a Function4.2. Creating a Function4.2.1. Passing Arguments by Value4.2.2. Passing Arguments by Reference4.2.3. Default Argument Values4.2.4. Using Type Hinting4.2.5. Returning Values from a Function4.2.5.1. The return Statement4.2.5.2. Returning Multiple Values4.2.6. Recursive Functions4.3. Function Libraries4.4. Summary
5. Arrays
5.1. What Is an Array?5.2. Creating an Array5.2.1. Creating Arrays with array()5.2.2. Extracting Arrays with list()5.2.3. Populating Arrays with a Predefined Value Range5.2.4. Testing for an Array5.3. Outputting an Array5.3.1. Printing Arrays for Testing Purposes5.4. Adding and Removing Array Elements5.4.1. Adding a Value to the Front of an Array5.4.2. Adding a Value to the End of an Array5.4.3. Removing a Value from the Front of an Array5.4.4. Removing a Value from the End of an Array5.5. Locating Array Elements5.5.1. Searching an Array5.5.1.1. Searching Associative Array Keys5.5.1.2. Searching Associative Array Values5.5.2. Retrieving Array Keys5.5.3. Retrieving Array Values5.6. Traversing Arrays5.6.1. Retrieving the Current Array Key5.6.2. Retrieving the Current Array Value5.6.3. Retrieving the Current Array Key and Value5.6.4. Moving the Array Pointer5.6.4.1. Moving the Pointer to the Next Array Position5.6.4.2. Moving the Pointer to the Previous Array Position5.6.4.3. Moving the Pointer to the First Array Position5.6.4.4. Moving the Pointer to the Last Array Position5.6.5. Passing Array Values to a Function5.7. Determining Array Size and Uniqueness5.7.1. Determining the Size of an Array5.7.2. Counting Array Value Frequency5.7.3. Determining Unique Array Values5.8. Sorting Arrays5.8.1. Reversing Array Element Order5.8.2. Flipping Array Keys and Values5.8.3. Sorting an Array5.8.3.1. Sorting an Array While Maintaining Key/Value Pairs5.8.3.2. Sorting an Array in Reverse Order5.8.3.3. Sorting an Array in Reverse Order While Maintaining Key/Value Pairs5.8.3.4. Sorting an Array Naturally5.8.3.5. Case-Insensitive Natural Sorting5.8.3.6. Sorting an Array by Key Values5.8.3.7. Sorting Array Keys in Reverse Order5.8.3.8. Sorting According to User-Defined Criteria5.9. Merging, Slicing, Splicing, and Dissecting Arrays5.9.1. Merging Arrays5.9.2. Recursively Appending Arrays5.9.3. Combining Two Arrays5.9.4. Slicing an Array5.9.5. Splicing an Array5.9.6. Calculating an Array Intersection5.9.7. Calculating Associative Array Intersections5.9.8. Calculating Array Differences5.9.9. Calculating Associative Array Differences5.10. Other Useful Array Functions5.10.1. Returning a Random Set of Keys5.10.2. Shuffling Array Elements5.10.2.1. Adding Array Values5.10.2.2. Subdividing an Array5.11. Summary

6. Object-Oriented PHP
6.1. The Benefits of OOP6.1.1. Encapsulation6.1.2. Inheritance6.1.3. Polymorphism6.2. Key OOP Concepts6.2.1. Classes6.2.2. Objects6.2.3. Properties6.2.3.1. Declaring Properties6.2.3.2. Invoking Properties6.2.3.3. Property Scopes6.2.3.3.1. Public6.2.3.3.2. Private6.2.3.3.3. Protected6.2.3.3.4. Final6.2.3.4. Property Overloading6.2.3.5. Setting Properties with the __set() Method6.2.3.6. Getting Properties with the __get() Method6.2.3.7. Creating Custom Getters and Setters6.2.4. Constants6.2.5. Methods6.2.5.1. Declaring Methods6.2.5.2. Invoking Methods6.2.5.3. Method Scopes6.2.5.3.1. Public6.2.5.3.2. Private6.2.5.3.3. Protected6.2.5.3.4. Abstract6.2.5.3.5. Final6.2.5.4. Type Hinting6.3. Constructors and Destructors6.3.1. Constructors6.3.1.1. Invoking Parent Constructors6.3.1.2. Invoking Unrelated Constructors6.3.2. Destructors6.4. Static Class Members6.5. The instanceof Keyword6.6. Helper Functions6.6.1.6.6.1.1. Creating a Class Alias6.6.1.2. Determining Whether a Class Exists6.6.1.3. Determining Object Context6.6.1.4. Learning about Class Methods6.6.1.5. Learning about Class Properties6.6.1.6. Learning about Declared Classes6.6.1.7. Learning about Object Properties6.6.1.8. Determining an Object's Parent Class6.6.1.9. Determining Interface Existence6.6.1.10. Determining Object Type6.6.1.11. Determining Object Subclass Type6.6.1.12. Determining Method Existence6.7. Autoloading Objects6.8. Summary
7. Advanced OOP Features
7.1. Advanced OOP Features Not Supported by PHP7.2. Object Cloning7.2.1. Cloning Example7.2.2. The __clone() Method7.3. Inheritance7.3.1. Class Inheritance7.3.2. Inheritance and Constructors7.3.3. Inheritance and Late Static Binding7.4. Interfaces7.4.1. Implementing a Single Interface7.4.2. Implementing Multiple Interfaces7.5. Abstract Classes7.6. Introducing Namespaces7.7. Summary
8. Error and Exception Handling
8.1. Configuration Directives8.1.1.8.1.1.1. Setting the Desired Error Sensitivity Level8.1.1.2. Displaying Errors to the Browser8.1.1.3. Displaying Startup Errors8.1.1.4. Logging Errors8.1.1.5. Identifying the Log File8.1.1.6. Setting the Maximum Log Line Length8.1.1.7. Ignoring Repeated Errors8.1.1.8. Ignoring Errors Originating from the Same Location8.1.1.9. Storing Most Recent Error in a Variable8.2. Error Logging8.2.1.8.2.1.1. Initializing PHP's Logging Facility8.2.1.2. Opening the Logging Connection8.2.1.3. Closing the Logging Connection8.2.1.4. Sending a Message to the Logging Destination8.3. Exception Handling8.3.1. Why Exception Handling Is Handy8.3.2. PHP's Exception-Handling Implementation8.3.2.1. Extending the Base Exception Class8.3.2.1.1. The Default Constructor8.3.2.1.2. The Overloaded Constructor8.3.2.1.3. Methods8.3.2.2. Extending the Exception Class8.3.2.3. Catching Multiple Exceptions8.3.3. SPL's Exceptions8.4. Summary
9. Strings and Regular Expressions
9.1. Regular Expressions9.1.1. Regular Expression Syntax (POSIX)9.1.1.1. Brackets9.1.1.2. Quantifiers9.1.1.3. Predefined Character Ranges (Character Classes)9.1.2. PHP's Regular Expression Functions (POSIX Extended)9.1.2.1. Performing a Case-Sensitive Search9.1.2.2. Performing a Case-Insensitive Search9.1.2.3. Replacing Text in a Case-Sensitive Fashion9.1.2.4. Replacing Text in a Case-Insensitive Fashion9.1.2.5. Splitting a String into Various Elements Based on a Case-Sensitive Pattern9.1.2.6. Splitting a String into Various Elements Based on a Case-Insensitive Pattern9.1.2.7. Accommodating Products Supporting Solely Case-Sensitive Regular Expressions9.1.3. Regular Expression Syntax (Perl)9.1.3.1. Modifiers9.1.3.2. Metacharacters9.1.3.3. PHP's Regular Expression Functions (Perl Compatible)9.1.3.4. Searching an Array9.1.3.5. Searching for a Pattern9.1.3.6. Matching All Occurrences of a Pattern9.1.3.7. Delimiting Special Regular Expression Characters9.1.3.8. Replacing All Occurrences of a Pattern9.1.3.9. Creating a Custom Replacement Function9.1.3.10. Splitting a String into Various Elements Based on a Case-Insensitive Pattern9.2. Other String-Specific Functions9.2.1. Determining the Length of a String9.2.2. Comparing Two Strings9.2.2.1. Comparing Two Strings Case Sensitively9.2.2.2. Comparing Two Strings Case Insensitively9.2.2.3. Calculating the Similarity Between Two Strings9.2.2.4. Calculating the Difference Between Two Strings9.2.3. Manipulating String Case9.2.3.1. Converting a String to All Lowercase9.2.3.2. Converting a String to All Uppercase9.2.3.3. Capitalizing the First Letter of a String9.2.3.4. Capitalizing Each Word in a String9.2.4. Converting Strings to and from HTML9.2.4.1. Converting Newline Characters to HTML Break Tags9.2.4.2. Converting Special Characters to Their HTML Equivalents9.2.4.3. Using Special HTML Characters for Other Purposes9.2.4.4. Converting Text into Its HTML Equivalent9.2.4.5. Creating a Customized Conversion List9.2.4.6. Converting HTML to Plain Text9.3. Alternatives for Regular Expression Functions9.3.1.9.3.1.1. Tokenizing a String Based on Predefined Characters9.3.1.2. Exploding a String Based on a Predefined Delimiter9.3.1.3. Converting an Array into a String9.3.1.4. Performing Complex String Parsing9.3.1.5. Finding the Last Occurrence of a String9.3.1.6. Replacing All Instances of a String with Another String9.3.1.7. Retrieving Part of a String9.3.1.8. Returning Part of a String Based on Predefined Offsets9.3.1.9. Determining the Frequency of a String's Appearance9.3.1.10. Replacing a Portion of a String with Another String9.3.2. Padding and Stripping a String9.3.2.1. Trimming Characters from the Beginning of a String9.3.2.2. Trimming Characters from the End of a String9.3.2.3. Trimming Characters from Both Sides of a String9.3.2.4. Padding a String9.3.3. Counting Characters and Words9.3.3.1. Counting the Number of Characters in a String9.3.3.2. Counting the Total Number of Words in a String9.4. Taking Advantage of PEAR: Validate_US9.4.1. Installing Validate_US9.4.2. Using Validate_US9.5. Summary
10. Working with the File and Operating System
10.1. Learning About Files and Directories10.1.1. Parsing Directory Paths10.1.1.1. Retrieving a Path's Filename10.1.1.2. Retrieving a Path's Directory10.1.1.3. Learning More about a Path10.1.1.4. Identifying the Absolute Path10.1.2. Calculating File, Directory, and Disk Sizes10.1.2.1. Determining a File's Size10.1.2.2. Calculating a Disk's Free Space10.1.2.3. Calculating Total Disk Size10.1.2.4. Retrieving a Directory Size10.1.3. Determining Access and Modification Times10.1.3.1. Determining a File's Last Access Time10.1.3.2. Determining a File's Last Changed Time10.1.3.3. Determining a File's Last Modified Time10.2. Working with Files10.2.1. The Concept of a Resource10.2.2. Recognizing Newline Characters10.2.3. Recognizing the End-of-File Character10.2.4. Opening and Closing a File10.2.4.1. Opening a File10.2.4.2. Closing a File10.2.5. Reading from a File10.2.5.1. Reading a File into an Array10.2.5.2. Reading File Contents into a String Variable10.2.5.3. Reading a CSV File into an Array10.2.5.4. Reading a Specific Number of Characters10.2.5.5. Stripping Tags from Input10.2.5.6. Reading a File One Character at a Time10.2.5.7. Ignoring Newline Characters10.2.5.8. Reading in an Entire File10.2.5.9. Reading a File According to a Predefined Format10.2.6. Writing a String to a File10.2.7. Moving the File Pointer10.2.7.1. Moving the File Pointer to a Specific Offset10.2.7.2. Retrieving the Current Pointer Offset10.2.7.3. Moving the File Pointer Back to the Beginning of the File10.2.8. Reading Directory Contents10.2.8.1. Opening a Directory Handle10.2.8.2. Closing a Directory Handle10.2.8.3. Parsing Directory Contents10.2.8.4. Reading a Directory into an Array10.3. Executing Shell Commands10.3.1.10.3.1.1. Removing a Directory10.3.1.2. Renaming a File10.3.1.3. Touching a File10.4. System-Level Program Execution10.4.1. Sanitizing the Input10.4.1.1. Delimiting Input10.4.1.2. Escaping Potentially Dangerous Input10.4.2. PHP's Program Execution Functions10.4.2.1. Executing a System-Level Command10.4.2.2. Retrieving a System Command's Results10.4.2.3. Returning Binary Output10.4.2.4. Executing a Shell Command with Backticks10.4.2.5. An Alternative to Backticks10.5. Summary
11. PEAR
11.1. The Power of PEAR: Converting Numeral Formats11.2. Installing and Updating PEAR11.2.1. Installing PEAR11.2.1.1. Installing PEAR on Linux11.2.1.2. Installing PEAR on Windows11.2.2. PEAR and Hosting Companies11.2.3. Updating PEAR11.3. Using the PEAR Package Manager11.3.1. Viewing an Installed PEAR Package11.3.2. Learning More about an Installed PEAR Package11.3.3. Installing a PEAR Package11.3.3.1. Automatically Installing All Dependencies11.3.3.2. Manually Installing a Package from the PEAR Web Site11.3.4. Including a Package within Your Scripts11.3.5. Upgrading Packages11.3.5.1. Upgrading a Single Package11.3.5.2. Upgrading All Packages11.3.6. Uninstalling a Package11.3.7. Downgrading a Package11.4. Introducing Pyrus11.4.1. Installing Pyrus11.5. Summary
12. Date and Time
12.1. The Unix Timestamp12.2. PHP's Date and Time Library12.2.1. Validating Dates12.2.2. Formatting Dates and Times12.2.2.1. Working with Time12.2.2.2. Learning More about the Current Time12.2.3. Converting a Timestamp to User-Friendly Values12.2.4. Working with Timestamps12.2.4.1. Determining the Current Timestamp12.2.4.2. Creating a Timestamp Based on a Specific Date and Time12.3. Date Fu12.3.1. Displaying the Localized Date and Time12.3.1.1. Setting the Default Locale12.3.1.2. Localizing Dates and Times12.3.2. Displaying the Web Page's Most Recent Modification Date12.3.3. Determining the Number of Days in the Current Month12.3.4. Determining the Number of Days in Any Given Month12.3.5. Calculating the Date X Days from the Present Date12.4. Date and Time Enhancements for PHP 5.1+ Users12.4.1. Introducing the DateTime Constructor12.4.2. Formatting Dates12.4.3. Setting the Date After Instantiation12.4.4. Setting the Time After Instantiation12.4.5. Modifying Dates and Times12.4.6. Calculating the Difference between Two Dates12.5. Summary
13. Working with HTML Forms
13.1. PHP and Web Forms13.1.1. A Simple Example13.2. Validating Form Data13.2.1. File Deletion13.2.2. Cross-Site Scripting13.2.3. Sanitizing User Input13.2.3.1. Escaping Shell Arguments13.2.3.2. Escaping Shell Metacharacters13.2.3.3. Converting Input into HTML Entities13.2.3.4. Stripping Tags from User Input13.2.4. Validating and Sanitizing Data with the Filter Extension13.2.4.1. Sanitizing Data with the Filter Extension13.2.5. Working with Multivalued Form Components13.3. Taking Advantage of PEAR: HTML_QuickForm213.3.1. Installing HTML_QuickForm213.3.2. Creating and Validating a Simple Form13.4. Summary
14. Authenticating Your Users
14.1. HTTP Authentication Concepts14.1.1. Using Apache's .htaccess Feature14.2. Authenticating Your Users with PHP14.2.1. PHP's Authentication Variables14.2.2. Useful Functions14.2.2.1. Sending HTTP Headers with header()14.2.2.2. Determining if a Variable is Set with isset()14.2.2.3. PHP Authentication Methodologies14.2.3. Hard-Coded Authentication14.2.4. File-Based Authentication14.2.5. Database-Based Authentication14.2.6. Taking Advantage of PEAR: Auth_HTTP14.2.6.1. Installing Auth_HTTP14.2.6.2. Authenticating Against a MySQL Database14.3. User Login Administration14.3.1. Testing Password Guessability with the CrackLib Library14.3.1.1. Installing PHP's CrackLib Extension14.3.1.2. Using the CrackLib Extension14.3.1.3. Dictionaries14.3.2. One-Time URLs and Password Recovery14.4. Summary
15. Handling File Uploads
15.1. Uploading Files via HTTP15.2. Uploading Files with PHP15.2.1. PHP's File Upload/Resource Directives15.2.1.1. file_uploads = On | Off15.2.1.2. max_input_time = integer15.2.1.3. max_file_uploads = integer15.2.1.4. memory_limit = integerM15.2.1.5. post_max_size = integerM15.2.1.6. upload_max_filesize = integerM15.2.1.7. upload_tmp_dir = string15.2.2. The $_FILES Array15.2.3. PHP's File-Upload Functions15.2.3.1. Determining Whether a File Was Uploaded15.2.3.2. Moving an Uploaded File15.2.4. Upload Error Messages15.2.5. A Simple Example15.3. Taking Advantage of PEAR: HTTP_Upload15.3.1. Installing HTTP_Upload15.3.2. Uploading a File15.3.3. Learning More About an Uploaded File15.3.4. Uploading Multiple Files15.4. Summary
16. Networking
16.1. DNS, Services, and Servers16.1.1. DNS16.1.1.1. Checking for the Existence of DNS Records16.1.1.2. Retrieving DNS Resource Records16.1.1.3. Retrieving MX Records16.1.2. Services16.1.2.1. Retrieving a Service's Port Number16.1.2.2. Retrieving a Port Number's Service Name16.1.3. Establishing Socket Connections16.2. Mail16.2.1. Configuration Directives16.2.1.1. SMTP = string16.2.1.2. sendmail_from = string16.2.1.3. sendmail_path = string16.2.1.4. smtp_port = integer16.2.1.5. mail.force_extra_parameters = string16.2.2. Sending E-mail Using a PHP Script16.2.2.1. Sending a Plain-Text E-mail16.2.2.2. Taking Advantage of PEAR: Mail and Mail_Mime16.2.2.2.1. Installing Mail and Mail_Mime16.2.2.2.2. Sending an E-mail with Multiple Recipients16.2.2.2.3. Sending an HTML-Formatted E-mail16.2.2.3. Sending an Attachment16.3. Common Networking Tasks16.3.1. Pinging a Server16.3.2. Creating a Port Scanner16.3.3. Creating a Subnet Converter16.3.4. Testing User Bandwidth16.4. Summary
17. PHP and LDAP
17.1. Using LDAP from PHP17.1.1. Configuring LDAP for PHP17.1.2. Connecting to an LDAP Server17.1.2.1. Securely Connecting Using the Transport Layer Security Protocol17.1.2.2. Binding to the LDAP Server17.1.2.3. Closing the LDAP Server Connection17.1.3. Retrieving LDAP Data17.1.3.1. Searching for One or More Records17.1.3.2. Doing Something with Returned Records17.1.3.3. Retrieving a Specific Entry17.1.4. Counting Retrieved Entries17.1.5. Sorting LDAP Records17.1.6. Inserting LDAP Data17.1.6.1. Adding a New Entry17.1.6.2. Adding to Existing Entries17.1.7. Updating LDAP Data17.1.7.1. Modifying Entries17.1.7.2. Renaming Entries17.1.8. Deleting LDAP Data17.1.8.1. Deleting Entries17.1.8.2. Deleting Entry Attributes17.1.9. Working with the Distinguished Name17.1.9.1. Converting the DN to a Readable Format17.1.9.2. Loading the DN into an Array17.1.10. Error Handling17.1.10.1. Converting LDAP Error Numbers to Messages17.1.10.2. Retrieving the Most Recent Error Number17.1.10.3. Retrieving the Most Recent Error Message17.2. Summary
18. Session Handlers
18.1. What Is Session Handling?18.1.1. The Session-Handling Process18.2. Configuration Directives18.2.1. Managing the Session Storage Media18.2.2. Setting the Session Files Path18.2.3. Automatically Enabling Sessions18.2.4. Setting the Session Name18.2.5. Choosing Cookies or URL Rewriting18.2.6. Automating URL Rewriting18.2.7. Setting the Session Cookie Lifetime18.2.8. Setting the Session Cookie's Valid URL Path18.2.8.1. Setting the Session Cookie's Valid Domain18.2.8.2. Validating Sessions Using a Referer18.2.9. Setting Caching Directions for Session-Enabled Pages18.2.9.1. Setting Cache Expiration Time for Session-Enabled Pages18.2.9.2. Setting the Session Lifetime18.3. Working with Sessions18.3.1. Starting a Session18.3.2. Destroying a Session18.3.3. Setting and Retrieving the Session ID18.3.4. Creating and Deleting Session Variables18.3.5. Encoding and Decoding Session Data18.3.5.1. Encoding Session Data18.3.5.2. Decoding Session Data18.3.5.3. Regenerating Session IDs18.4. Practical Session-Handling Examples18.4.1. Automatically Logging In Returning Users18.4.2. Generating a Recently Viewed Document Index18.5. Creating Custom Session Handlers18.5.1. Tying Custom Session Functions into PHP's Logic18.5.2. Using Custom MySQL-Based Session Handlers18.6. Summary
19. Templating with Smarty
19.1. What's a Templating Engine?19.2. Introducing Smarty19.3. Installing Smarty19.4. Using Smarty19.5. Smarty's Presentational Logic19.5.1. Comments19.5.2. Variable Modifiers19.5.2.1. Capitalizing the First Letter19.5.2.2. Counting Words19.5.2.3. Formatting Dates19.5.2.4. Assigning a Default Value19.5.2.5. Removing Markup Tags19.5.2.6. Truncating a String19.5.3. Control Structures19.5.3.1. The if Function19.5.3.2. The foreach Function19.5.3.3. The foreachelse Function19.5.3.4. The section Function19.5.3.5. The sectionelse Function19.5.4. Statements19.5.4.1. The include Statement19.5.4.2. The insert Statement19.5.4.3. The literal Statement19.5.4.4. The php Statement19.6. Creating Configuration Files19.6.1. config_load19.6.2. Referencing Configuration Variables19.7. Using CSS in Conjunction with Smarty19.8. Caching19.8.1. Working with the Cache Lifetime19.8.2. Eliminating Processing Overhead with isCached()19.8.3. Creating Multiple Caches per Template19.8.4. Some Final Words About Caching19.9. Summary
20. Web Services
20.1. Why Web Services?20.2. Really Simple Syndication20.2.1. Understanding RSS Syntax20.3. Introducing SimplePie20.3.1. Installing SimplePie20.3.2. Parsing a Feed with SimplePie20.3.3. Parsing Multiple Feeds20.4. SimpleXML20.4.1. Loading XML20.4.1.1. Loading XML from a File20.4.1.2. Loading XML from a String20.4.1.3. Loading XML from a DOM Document20.4.2. Parsing XML20.4.2.1. Learning More About an Element20.4.2.2. Creating XML from a SimpleXML Object20.4.2.3. Learning About a Node's Children20.4.2.4. Using XPath to Retrieve Node Information20.5. Summary
21. Securing Your Web Site
21.1. Configuring PHP Securely21.1.1. Security-Related Configuration Parameters21.1.1.1. disable_functions = string21.1.1.2. disable_classes = string21.1.1.3. display_errors = On | Off21.1.1.4. max_execution_time = integer21.1.1.5. memory_limit = integerM21.1.1.6. open_basedir = string21.1.1.7. sql.safe_mode = integer21.1.1.8. user_dir = string21.2. Hiding Configuration Details21.2.1. Hiding Apache21.2.1.1. Apache's ServerSignature Directive21.2.1.2. Apache's ServerTokens Directive21.2.2. Hiding PHP21.2.2.1. expose_php = 1 | 021.2.2.2. Remove All Instances of phpinfo() Calls21.2.2.3. Change the Document Extension21.3. Hiding Sensitive Data21.3.1. Hiding the Document Root21.3.2. Denying Access to Certain File Extensions21.4. Data Encryption21.4.1. PHP's Encryption Functions21.4.1.1. Encrypting Data with the md5() Hash Function21.4.2. The MCrypt Package21.4.2.1. Encrypting Data with MCrypt21.4.2.2. Decrypting Data with MCrypt21.5. Summary
22. Creating Ajax-enhanced Features with jQuery and PHP
22.1. Introducing Ajax22.2. Introducing jQuery22.2.1. Installing jQuery22.2.2. A Simple Example22.2.3. Responding to Events22.2.4. jQuery and the DOM22.2.4.1. Modifying Page Elements22.3. Creating a Username Existence Validator22.3.1. Determining If a Username Exists22.3.1.1. Integrating the Ajax Functionality22.4. Summary
23. Building Web Sites for the World
23.1. Translating Web Sites with Gettext23.1.1. Step 1: Update the Web Site Scripts23.1.2. Step 2: Create the Localization Repository23.1.3. Step 3: Create the Translation Files23.1.4. Step 4: Translate the Text23.1.5. Step 5: Generate Binary Files23.1.6. Step 6: Set the Desired Language Within Your Scripts23.2. Localizing Dates, Numbers, and Times23.3. Summary
24. Introducing the Zend Framework
24.1. Introducing MVC24.2. PHP's Framework Solutions24.2.1. The CakePHP Framework24.2.2. The Solar Framework24.2.3. The symfony Framework24.2.4. The Zend Framework24.3. Introducing the Zend Framework24.3.1. Installing the Zend Framework24.3.2. Creating Your First Zend Framework-Driven Web Site24.3.2.1. Creating a New Project24.3.2.1.1. Configuring Zend_Tool24.3.2.1.2. Generate the Project Skeleton24.3.2.1.3. Adjusting the Document Root24.3.2.1.4. Navigating to the Home Page24.3.2.2. Creating the Contacts Controller24.3.2.2.1. Creating the Add Action24.3.2.3. Creating the Layout24.3.2.4. Interacting with the Database24.3.2.4.1. Creating the contacts Table24.3.2.4.2. Configuring the Database Connection24.3.2.4.3. Adding Contacts24.3.2.4.4. Listing Contacts24.4. Summary
25. Introducing MySQL
25.1. What Makes MySQL So Popular?25.1.1. Flexibility25.1.2. Power25.1.2.1. Enterprise-Level SQL Features25.1.2.2. Full-Text Indexing and Searching25.1.2.3. Query Caching25.1.2.4. Replication25.1.2.5. Security25.1.3. Flexible Licensing Options25.1.3.1. MySQL Open Source License25.1.3.2. Commercial License25.1.3.3. Which License Should You Use?25.1.4. A (Hyper)Active User Community25.2. The Evolution of MySQL25.2.1. MySQL 425.2.2. MySQL 525.2.3. MySQL 5.125.2.4. MySQL 5.4 and 5.525.3. Prominent MySQL Users25.3.1. craigslist25.3.2. Wikipedia25.3.3. Other Prominent Users25.4. Summary
26. Installing and Configuring MySQL
26.1. Downloading MySQL26.2. Installing MySQL26.2.1. Installing MySQL on Linux26.2.1.1. RPM, Binary, or Source?26.2.1.1.1. The RPM Installation Process26.2.1.1.2. The Binary Installation Process26.2.1.1.3. The Source Installation Process26.2.2. Installing and Configuring MySQL on Windows26.2.2.1. Installing MySQL on Windows26.2.2.2. Configuring MySQL on Windows26.3. Setting the MySQL Administrator Password26.4. Starting and Stopping MySQL26.4.1. Controlling the Daemon Manually26.4.1.1. Starting MySQL on Linux26.4.1.2. Starting MySQL on Windows26.4.1.3. Stopping MySQL on Linux and Windows26.5. Configuring and Optimizing MySQL26.5.1. The mysqld_safe Wrapper26.5.2. MySQL's Configuration and Optimization Parameters26.5.2.1. Viewing MySQL's Configuration Parameters26.5.2.2. Managing Connection Loads26.5.2.3. Setting the Data Directory Location26.5.2.4. Setting the Default Storage Engine26.5.2.5. Automatically Executing SQL Commands26.5.2.6. Logging Potentially Nonoptimal Queries26.5.2.7. Logging Slow Queries26.5.2.8. Setting the Maximum Allowable Simultaneous Connections26.5.2.9. Setting MySQL's Communication Port26.5.2.10. Disabling DNS Resolution26.5.2.11. Limiting Connections to the Local Server26.5.2.12. Setting the MySQL Daemon User26.5.3. The my.cnf File26.6. Configuring PHP to Work with MySQL26.6.1. Reconfiguring PHP on Linux26.6.2. Reconfiguring PHP on Windows26.7. Summary
27. The Many MySQL Clients
27.1. Introducing the Command-Line Clients27.1.1. The mysql Client27.1.1.1. Using mysql in Interactive Mode27.1.1.2. Using mysql in Batch Mode27.1.1.3. Useful mysql Tips27.1.1.3.1. Paging Output27.1.1.3.2. Displaying Results Vertically27.1.1.3.3. Logging Queries27.1.1.3.4. Getting Server Statistics27.1.1.3.5. Preventing Accidents27.1.1.3.6. Modifying the mysql Prompt27.1.1.3.7. Outputting Table Data in HTML and XML27.1.1.4. Viewing Configuration Variables and System Status27.1.1.5. Useful mysql Options27.1.2. The mysqladmin Client27.1.2.1. mysqladmin Commands27.1.3. Other Useful Clients27.1.3.1. mysqldump27.1.3.2. mysqlshow27.1.3.3. mysqlhotcopy27.1.3.4. mysqlimport27.1.3.5. myisamchk27.1.3.6. mysqlcheck27.1.4. Client Options27.1.4.1. Connection Options27.1.4.2. General Options27.2. MySQL's GUI Client Programs27.3. phpMyAdmin27.4. Summary
28. MySQL Storage Engines and Data Types
28.1. Storage Engines28.1.1. MyISAM28.1.1.1. MyISAM Static28.1.1.2. MyISAM Dynamic28.1.1.3. MyISAM Compressed28.1.2. IBMDB2I28.1.3. InnoDB28.1.4. MEMORY28.1.5. MERGE28.1.6. FEDERATED28.1.7. ARCHIVE28.1.8. CSV28.1.9. EXAMPLE28.1.10. BLACKHOLE28.1.11. Storage Engine FAQ28.1.11.1. Which Storage Engines Are Available on My Server?28.1.11.2. How Do I Take Advantage of the Storage Engines on Windows?28.1.11.3. How Do I Convert ISAM Tables to MyISAM Tables?28.1.11.4. Is It Wrong to Use Multiple Storage Engines Within the Same Database?28.1.11.5. How Can I Specify a Storage Engine at Creation Time or Change It Later?28.1.11.6. I Need Speed! What's the Fastest Storage Engine?28.2. Data Types and Attributes28.2.1. Data Types28.2.1.1. Date and Time Data Types28.2.1.1.1. DATE28.2.1.1.2. DATETIME28.2.1.1.3. TIME28.2.1.1.4. TIMESTAMP [DEFAULT] [ON UPDATE]28.2.1.1.5. YEAR[(2|4)]28.2.1.2. Numeric Data Types28.2.1.2.1. BOOL, BOOLEAN28.2.1.2.2. BIGINT [(M)]28.2.1.2.3. INT [(M)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]28.2.1.2.4. MEDIUMINT [(M)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]28.2.1.2.5. SMALLINT [(M)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]28.2.1.2.6. TINYINT [(M)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]28.2.1.2.7. DECIMAL([M[,D]]) [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]28.2.1.2.8. DOUBLE([M,D]) [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]28.2.1.2.9. FLOAT([M,D]) [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]28.2.1.2.10. FLOAT (precision) [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]28.2.1.3. String Data Types28.2.1.3.1. [NATIONAL] CHAR(Length) [BINARY | ASCII | UNICODE]28.2.1.3.2. [NATIONAL] VARCHAR(Length) [BINARY]28.2.1.3.3. LONGBLOB28.2.1.3.4. LONGTEXT28.2.1.3.5. MEDIUMBLOB28.2.1.3.6. MEDIUMTEXT28.2.1.3.7. BLOB28.2.1.3.8. TEXT28.2.1.3.9. TINYBLOB28.2.1.3.10. TINYTEXT28.2.1.3.11. ENUM("member1","member2",..."member65,535")28.2.1.3.12. SET("member1", "member2",..."member64")28.2.2. Data Type Attributes28.2.2.1.28.2.2.1.1. AUTO_INCREMENT28.2.2.1.2. BINARY28.2.2.1.3. DEFAULT28.2.2.1.4. INDEX28.2.2.1.5. NATIONAL28.2.2.1.6. NOT NULL28.2.2.1.7. NULL28.2.2.1.8. PRIMARY KEY28.2.2.2. UNIQUE28.2.2.3. ZEROFILL28.3. Working with Databases and Tables28.3.1. Working with Databases28.3.1.1. Viewing Databases28.3.1.2. Creating a Database28.3.1.3. Using a Database28.3.1.4. Deleting a Database28.3.2. Working with Tables28.3.2.1. Creating a Table28.3.2.2. Conditionally Creating a Table28.3.2.3. Copying a Table28.3.2.4. Creating a Temporary Table28.3.2.5. Viewing a Database's Available Tables28.3.2.6. Viewing a Table Structure28.3.2.7. Deleting a Table28.3.3. Altering a Table Structure28.3.4. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA28.4. Summary
29. Securing MySQL
29.1. What You Should Do First29.2. Securing the mysqld Daemon29.3. The MySQL Access Privilege System29.3.1. How the Privilege System Works29.3.1.1. The Two Stages of Access Control29.3.1.2. Tracing a Real-World Connection Request29.3.2. Where Is Access Information Stored?29.3.2.1. The user Table29.3.2.1.1. Host29.3.2.1.2. User29.3.2.1.3. Password29.3.2.1.4. The Privilege Columns29.3.2.1.5. The Remaining Columns29.3.2.2. The db Table29.3.2.3. The host Table29.3.2.4. The tables_priv Table29.3.2.5. The columns_priv Table29.3.2.6. The procs_priv Table29.4. User and Privilege Management29.4.1. Creating Users29.4.2. Deleting Users29.4.3. Renaming Users29.4.4. The GRANT and REVOKE Commands29.4.4.1. Granting Privileges29.4.4.1.1. Creating a New User and Assigning Initial Privileges29.4.4.1.2. Adding Privileges to an Existing User29.4.4.1.3. Granting Table-Level Privileges29.4.4.1.4. Granting Multiple Table-Level Privileges29.4.4.1.5. Granting Column-Level Privileges29.4.4.2. Revoking Privileges29.4.4.2.1. Revoking Previously Assigned Permissions29.4.4.2.2. Revoking Table-Level Permissions29.4.4.2.3. Revoking Column-Level Permissions29.4.4.2.4. Deleting a User29.4.4.3. GRANT and REVOKE Tips29.4.5. Reviewing Privileges29.4.5.1. SHOW GRANTS FOR29.5. Limiting User Resources29.6. Secure MySQL Connections29.6.1. Grant Options29.6.1.1. REQUIRE SSL29.6.1.2. REQUIRE X50929.6.1.3. REQUIRE ISSUER29.6.1.4. REQUIRE SUBJECT29.6.1.5. REQUIRE CIPHER29.6.2. SSL Options29.6.2.1. --ssl29.6.2.2. --ssl-ca29.6.2.3. --ssl-capath29.6.2.4. --ssl-cert29.6.2.5. --ssl-cipher29.6.2.6. --ssl-key29.6.3. Starting the SSL-Enabled MySQL Server29.6.4. Connecting Using an SSL-Enabled Client29.6.5. Storing SSL Options in the my.cnf File29.7. Summary
30. Using PHP with MySQL
30.1. Installation Prerequisites30.1.1. Enabling the mysqli Extension on Linux/Unix30.1.2. Enabling the mysqli Extension on Windows30.1.3. Using the MySQL Native Driver30.1.4. Managing User Privileges30.1.5. Working with Sample Data30.2. Using the mysqli Extension30.2.1. Setting Up and Tearing Down the Connection30.2.2. Handling Connection Errors30.2.3. Retrieving Error Information30.2.3.1. Retrieving Error Codes30.2.3.2. Retrieving Error Messages30.2.4. Storing Connection Information in a Separate File30.2.5. Securing Your Connection Information30.3. Interacting with the Database30.3.1. Sending a Query to the Database30.3.1.1. Retrieving Data30.3.1.2. Inserting, Updating, and Deleting Data30.3.1.3. Recuperating Query Memory30.3.2. Parsing Query Results30.3.2.1. Fetching Results into an Object30.3.2.2. Retrieving Results Using Indexed and Associative Arrays30.3.3. Determining the Rows Selected and Rows Affected30.3.3.1. Determining the Number of Rows Returned30.3.3.2. Determining the Number of Affected Rows30.3.4. Working with Prepared Statements30.3.4.1. Preparing the Statement for Execution30.3.4.2. Executing a Prepared Statement30.3.4.3. Recuperating Prepared Statement Resources30.3.4.4. Binding Parameters30.3.4.5. Binding Variables30.3.4.6. Retrieving Rows from Prepared Statements30.3.4.7. Using Other Prepared Statement Methods30.4. Executing Database Transactions30.4.1. Enabling Autocommit Mode30.4.2. Committing a Transaction30.4.3. Rolling Back a Transaction30.5. Summary
31. Introducing PDO
31.1. Another Database Abstraction Layer?31.2. Using PDO31.2.1. Installing PDO31.2.2. PDO's Database Options31.2.3. Connecting to a Database Server and Selecting a Database31.2.3.1. Embedding the Parameters into the Constructor31.2.3.2. Placing the Parameters in a File31.2.3.3. Referring to the php.ini File31.2.3.4. Using PDO's Connection-Related Options31.2.3.5. Handling Connection Errors31.2.4. Handling Errors31.2.4.1. Retrieving SQL Error Codes31.2.4.2. Retrieving SQL Error Messages31.2.5. Getting and Setting Attributes31.2.5.1. Retrieving Attributes31.2.5.2. Setting Attributes31.2.6. Executing Queries31.2.6.1. Adding, Modifying, and Deleting Table Data31.2.6.2. Selecting Table Data31.2.7. Introducing Prepared Statements31.2.7.1. Using Prepared Statements31.2.7.2. Executing a Prepared Query31.2.7.3. Binding Parameters31.2.8. Retrieving Data31.2.8.1. Returning the Number of Retrieved Columns31.2.8.2. Retrieving the Next Row in the Result Set31.2.8.3. Simultaneously Returning All Result Set Rows31.2.8.4. Fetching a Single Column31.2.9. Setting Bound Columns31.2.10. Working with Transactions31.2.10.1. Beginning a Transaction31.2.10.2. Committing a Transaction31.2.10.3. Rolling Back a Transaction31.3. Summary
32. Stored Routines
32.1. Should You Use Stored Routines?32.1.1. Stored Routine Advantages32.1.2. Stored Routine Disadvantages32.2. How MySQL Implements Stored Routines32.2.1. Creating a Stored Routine32.2.1.1. Setting Security Privileges32.2.1.2. Setting Input and Return Parameters32.2.1.3. Characteristics32.2.1.3.1. LANGUAGE SQL32.2.1.3.2. [NOT] DETERMINISTIC32.2.1.3.3. CONTAINS SQL | NO SQL | READS SQL DATA | MODIFIES SQL DATA32.2.1.3.4. SQL SECURITY {DEFINER | INVOKER}32.2.1.3.5. COMMENT 'string'32.2.2. Declaring and Setting Variables32.2.2.1. Declaring Variables32.2.2.2. Setting Variables32.2.3. Executing a Stored Routine32.2.4. Creating and Using Multistatement Stored Routines32.2.4.1. The BEGIN and END Block32.2.4.2. Conditionals32.2.4.2.1. IF-ELSEIF-ELSE32.2.4.2.2. CASE32.2.4.3. Iteration32.2.4.3.1. ITERATE32.2.4.3.2. LEAVE32.2.4.3.3. LOOP32.2.4.3.4. REPEAT32.2.4.3.5. WHILE32.2.5. Calling a Routine from Within Another Routine32.2.6. Modifying a Stored Routine32.2.7. Deleting a Stored Routine32.2.8. Viewing a Routine's Status32.2.9. Viewing a Routine's Creation Syntax32.2.10. Handling Conditions32.3. Integrating Routines into Web Applications32.3.1. Creating the Employee Bonus Interface32.3.2. Retrieving Multiple Rows32.4. Summary
33. MySQL Triggers
33.1. Introducing Triggers33.1.1. Why Use Triggers?33.1.2. Taking Action Before an Event33.1.3. Taking Action After an Event33.1.4. Before Triggers vs. After Triggers33.2. MySQL's Trigger Support33.2.1. Creating a Trigger33.2.2. Viewing Existing Triggers33.2.2.1. The SHOW TRIGGERS Command33.2.2.2. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA33.2.3. Modifying a Trigger33.2.4. Deleting a Trigger33.3. Integrating Triggers into Web Applications33.4. Summary
34. MySQL Views
34.1. Introducing Views34.2. MySQL's View Support34.2.1. Creating and Executing Views34.2.1.1. Customizing View Results34.2.1.2. Passing in Parameters34.2.1.3. Modifying the Returned Column Names34.2.1.4. Using the ALGORITHM Attribute34.2.1.4.1. MERGE34.2.1.4.2. TEMPTABLE34.2.1.4.3. UNDEFINED34.2.1.5. Using Security Options34.2.1.6. Using the WITH CHECK OPTION Clause34.2.2. Viewing View Information34.2.2.1. Using the DESCRIBE Command34.2.2.2. Using the SHOW CREATE VIEW Command34.2.2.3. Using the INFORMATION_SCHEMA Database34.2.3. Modifying a View34.2.4. Deleting a View34.2.5. Updating Views34.3. Incorporating Views into Web Applications34.4. Summary
35. Practical Database Queries
35.1. Sample Data35.2. Creating Tabular Output with PEAR35.2.1. Installing HTML_Table35.2.2. Creating a Simple Table35.2.3. Creating More Readable Row Output35.2.4. Creating a Table from Database Data35.3. Sorting Output35.4. Creating Paged Output35.5. Listing Page Numbers35.6. Querying Multiple Tables with Subqueries35.6.1. Performing Comparisons with Subqueries35.6.2. Determining Existence with Subqueries35.6.3. Performing Database Maintenance with Subqueries35.6.4. Using Subqueries with PHP35.7. Iterating Result Sets with Cursors35.7.1. Cursor Basics35.7.2. Creating a Cursor35.7.3. Opening a Cursor35.7.4. Using a Cursor35.7.5. Closing a Cursor35.7.6. Using Cursors with PHP35.8. Summary
36. Indexes and Searching
36.1. Database Indexing36.1.1. Primary Key Indexes36.1.2. Unique Indexes36.1.3. Normal Indexes36.1.3.1. Single-Column Normal Indexes36.1.3.2. Multiple-Column Normal Indexes36.1.4. Full-Text Indexes36.1.4.1. Stopwords36.1.4.2. Boolean Full-Text Searches36.1.5. Indexing Best Practices36.2. Forms-Based Searches36.2.1. Performing a Simple Search36.2.2. Extending Search Capabilities36.2.3. Performing a Full-Text Search36.3. Summary
37. Transactions
37.1. What's a Transaction?37.2. MySQL's Transactional Capabilities37.2.1. System Requirements37.2.2. Table Creation37.3. A Sample Project37.3.1. Creating Tables and Adding Sample Data37.3.1.1. The participants Table37.3.1.2. The trunks Table37.3.1.3. Adding Some Sample Data37.3.2. Executing an Example Transaction37.3.3. Usage Tips37.4. Building Transactional Applications with PHP37.4.1. The Swap Meet Revisited37.5. Summary
38. Importing and Exporting Data
38.1. Sample Table38.2. Using Data Delimitation38.3. Importing Data38.3.1. Importing Data with LOAD DATA INFILE38.3.1.1. A Simple Data Import Example38.3.1.2. Choosing the Target Database38.3.1.3. Security and LOAD DATA INFILE38.3.2. Importing Data with mysqlimport38.3.2.1. Useful Options38.3.2.2. Writing a mysqlimport Script38.3.3. Loading Table Data with PHP38.4. Exporting Data38.4.1. SELECT INTO OUTFILE38.4.1.1. Usage Tips38.4.1.2. A Simple Data Export Example38.4.1.3. Exporting MySQL Data to Microsoft Excel38.5. Summary

Content preview from Beginning PHP and MySQL: From Novice to Professional Fourth Edition

Chapter 33. MySQL Triggers

A trigger is a task that executes in response to some predefined database event, such as after a new row is added to a particular table. Specifically, this event involves inserting, modifying, or deleting table data, and the task can occur either prior to or immediately following any such event. This chapter begins by offering general examples that illustrate how you can use triggers to carry out tasks such as enforcing referential integrity and business rules, gathering statistics, and preventing invalid transactions. I will then discuss MySQL's trigger implementation (available as of version 5.0.2), showing you how to create, execute, and manage triggers. Finally, you'll learn how to incorporate trigger features into ...

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Chapter 33. MySQL Triggers

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