5.1 SELECTION PROCESSES AND BIAS5.2 TRADITIONAL SELECTION MODEL: DICHOTOMOUS OUTCOME5.3 CAUSAL SELECTION MODEL: DICHOTOMOUS OUTCOME5.4 RANDOMIZED EXPERIMENTS5.5 OBSERVATIONAL COHORT STUDIES5.6 TRADITIONAL SELECTION MODEL: NUMERICAL OUTCOME5.7 CAUSAL SELECTION MODEL: NUMERICAL OUTCOMEGUIDEPOST 5APPENDIX