book

Cloud Native Go

by Matthew A. Titmus

April 2021

Intermediate to advanced

433 pages

10h 45m

English

O'Reilly Media, Inc.

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Who Should Read This BookWhy I Wrote This BookConventions Used in This BookUsing Code ExamplesO’Reilly Online LearningHow to Contact UsAcknowledgments
The Story So FarWhat Is Cloud Native?ScalabilityLoose CouplingResilienceManageabilityObservabilityWhy Is Cloud Native a Thing?Summary
The Motivation Behind GoFeatures for a Cloud Native WorldComposition and Structural TypingComprehensibilityCSP-Style ConcurrencyFast BuildsLinguistic StabilityMemory SafetyPerformanceStatic LinkingStatic TypingSummary
Basic Data TypesBooleansSimple NumbersComplex NumbersStringsVariablesShort Variable DeclarationsZero ValuesThe Blank IdentifierConstantsContainer Types: Arrays, Slices, and MapsArraysSlicesMapsPointersControl StructuresFun with forThe if StatementThe switch StatementError HandlingCreating an ErrorPutting the Fun in Functions: Variadics and ClosuresFunctionsVariadic FunctionsAnonymous Functions and ClosuresStructs, Methods, and InterfacesStructsMethodsInterfacesComposition with Type EmbeddingThe Good Stuff: ConcurrencyGoroutinesChannelsSelectSummary
The Context PackageWhat Context Can Do for YouCreating ContextDefining Context Deadlines and TimeoutsDefining Request-Scoped ValuesUsing a ContextLayout of this ChapterStability PatternsCircuit BreakerDebounceRetryThrottleTimeoutConcurrency PatternsFan-InFan-OutFutureShardingSummary
Let’s Build a Service!What’s a Key-Value Store?RequirementsWhat Is Idempotence and Why Does It Matter?The Eventual GoalGeneration 0: The Core FunctionalityYour Super Simple APIGeneration 1: The MonolithBuilding an HTTP Server with net/httpBuilding an HTTP Server with gorilla/muxBuilding a RESTful ServiceMaking Your Data Structure Concurrency-SafeGeneration 2: Persisting Resource StateWhat’s a Transaction Log?Storing State in a Transaction Log FileStoring State in an External DatabaseGeneration 3: Implementing Transport Layer SecurityTransport Layer SecurityPrivate Key and Certificate FilesSecuring Your Web Service with HTTPSTransport Layer SummaryContainerizing Your Key-Value StoreDocker (Absolute) BasicsBuilding Your Key-Value Store ContainerExternalizing Container DataSummary
What’s the Point of Cloud Native?It’s All About DependabilityWhat Is Dependability and Why Is It So Important?Dependability: It’s Not Just for Ops AnymoreAchieving DependabilityFault PreventionFault ToleranceFault RemovalFault ForecastingThe Continuing Relevance of the Twelve-Factor AppI. CodebaseII. DependenciesIII. ConfigurationIV. Backing ServicesV. Build, Release, RunVI. ProcessesVII. Data IsolationVIII. ScalabilityIX. DisposabilityX. Development/Production ParityXI. LogsXII. Administrative ProcessesSummary

What Is Scalability?Different Forms of ScalingThe Four Common BottlenecksState and StatelessnessApplication State Versus Resource StateAdvantages of StatelessnessScaling Postponed: EfficiencyEfficient Caching Using an LRU CacheEfficient SynchronizationMemory Leaks Can…fatal error: runtime: out of memoryOn EfficiencyService ArchitecturesThe Monolith System ArchitectureThe Microservices System ArchitectureServerless ArchitecturesSummary
Tight CouplingTight Coupling Takes Many FormsCommunications Between ServicesRequest-Response MessagingCommon Request-Response ImplementationsIssuing HTTP Requests with net/httpRemote Procedure Calls with gRPCLoose Coupling Local Resources with Plug-insIn-Process Plug-ins with the plugin PackageHashiCorp’s Go Plug-in System over RPCHexagonal ArchitectureThe ArchitectureImplementing a Hexagonal ServiceSummary
Keeping on Ticking: Why Resilience MattersWhat Does It Mean for a System to Fail?Building for ResilienceCascading FailuresPreventing OverloadPlay It Again: Retrying RequestsBackoff AlgorithmsCircuit BreakingTimeoutsIdempotenceService RedundancyDesigning for RedundancyAutoscalingHealthy Health ChecksWhat Does It Mean for an Instance to Be “Healthy”?The Three Types of Health ChecksFailing OpenSummary
What Is Manageability and Why Should I Care?Configuring Your ApplicationConfiguration Good PracticeConfiguring with Environment VariablesConfiguring with Command-Line ArgumentsConfiguring with FilesViper: The Swiss Army Knife of Configuration PackagesFeature Management with Feature FlagsThe Evolution of a Feature FlagGeneration 0: The Initial ImplementationGeneration 1: The Hard-Coded Feature FlagGeneration 2: The Configurable FlagGeneration 3: Dynamic Feature FlagsSummary
What Is Observability?Why Do We Need Observability?How Is Observability Different from “Traditional” Monitoring?The “Three Pillars of Observability”OpenTelemetryThe OpenTelemetry ComponentsTracingTracing ConceptsTracing with OpenTelemetryPutting It All Together: TracingMetricsPush Versus Pull Metric CollectionMetrics with OpenTelemetryPutting It All Together: MetricsLoggingBetter Logging PracticesLogging with Go’s Standard log PackageThe Zap Logging PackageSummary