1.1 Explain concepts related to the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model.1.2 Compare and contrast networking appliances, applications, and functions.1.3 Summarize cloud concepts and connectivity options.1.4 Explain common networking ports, protocols, services, and traffic types.1.5 Compare and contrast transmission media and transceivers.1.6 Compare and contrast network topologies, architectures, and types.1.7 Given a scenario, use appropriate IPv4 network addressing.1.8 Summarize evolving use cases for modern network environments.