ELECTROSTATIC (CONDENSER/CAPACITOR) LOUDSPEAKERS
This type of speaker operates on the principle that a dc voltage between two parallel metal plates causes these plates to attract or repel each other. The amount of attraction or repulsion depends on the applied voltage. If one of the plates is a flexible metal, it will bend. But the amount of attraction and repulsion is not directly proportional to the voltage applied.
For example, consider the movable and fixed plates of Fig. 4.3 with no voltage applied. Now suppose we apply a slowly varying ac voltage to both plates. As the voltage increases from zero, the potential difference between the two plates also increases. This, in turn, produces an increasing force of attraction between the plates, ...
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