book

Electric Circuit Analysis

Name: Electric Circuit Analysis
Author: K. S. Suresh Sharma
ISBN: 9789332514102

by K. S. Suresh Sharma

May 2024

Intermediate to advanced

729 pages

33h 34m

English

Pearson India

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Cover
Dedication
Brief Contents
Contents (1/2)
Contents (2/2)
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 : Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements
1.1 Electromotive Force, Potential and Voltage
1.1.1 Force Between Two Moving Point Charges and Retardation Effect
1.1.2 Electric Potential and Voltage

1.1.3 Electromotive Force and Terminal Voltage of a Steady Source
1.2 A Voltage Source with a Resistance Connected at its Terminals
1.2.1 Steady-State Charge Distribution in the System
1.2.2 Drift Velocity and Current Density
1.2.3 Current Intensity
1.2.4 Conduction and Energy Transfer Process
1.2.5 Two-Terminal Resistance Element
1.2.6 A Time-Varying Voltage Source with Resistance Across it
1.3 Two-Terminal Capacitance
1.4 Two-Terminal Inductance
1.4.1 Induced Electromotive Force and its Location in a Circuit
1.4.2 Relation between induced electromotive force and current
1.4.3 Farady’s Law and Induced Electromotive Force
1.4.4 The Issue of a Unique Voltage Across a Two-Terminal Element
1.4.5 The Two-Terminal Inductance
1.5 Ideal Independent Two-Terminal Electrical Sources
1.5.1 Ideal Independent Voltage Source
1.5.2 Ideal Independent Current Source
1.5.3 Ideal Short-Circuit Element and Ideal Open-Circuit Element
1.6 Power and Energy Relations for Two-Terminal Elements
1.6.1 Passive Sign Convention
1.6.2 Power and Energy in Two-Terminal Elements
1.7 Classification of Two-Terminal Elements
1.7.1 Lumped and Distributed Elements
1.7.2 Linear and Non-linear Elements
1.7.3 Bilateral and Non-Bilateral Elements
1.7.4 Passive and Active Elements
1.7.5 Time-Invariant and Time-Variant Elements
1.8 Multi-Terminal Circuit Elements1.8.1 Ideal Dependent Sources
1.9 Summary
1.10 Problems
Chapter 2 : Basic Circuit Laws
2.1 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) (1/2)
2.1 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) (2/2)
2.2 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
2.3 Interconnections of Ideal Sources
2.4 Analysis of a Single-Loop Circuit
2.5 Analysis of a Single-Node-Pair Circuit
2.6 Analysis of Multi-Loop, Multi-Node Circuits
2.7 KVL and KCL in Operational Amplifier Circuits
2.7.1 The Practical Operational Amplifier
2.7.2 Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifier Circuits
2.7.3 The Principles of ‘Virtual Short’ and ‘Zero Input Current’
2.7.4 Analysis of Operational Amplifier Circuits Using the IOA Model
2.8 Summary
2.9 Problems (1/2)
2.9 Problems (2/2)
Chapter 3 : Single Element Circuits
3.1 The Resistor
3.1.1 Series Connection of Resistors
3.1.2 Parallel Connection of Resistors (1/2)
3.1.2 Parallel Connection of Resistors (2/2)
3.2 The Inductor (1/4)
3.2.1 Instantaneous Inductor Current versus Instantaneous Inductor Voltage3.2.2 Change in Inductor Current Function versus Area under Voltage Function3.2.3 Average Applied Voltage for a Given Change in Inductor Current3.2.4 Instantaneous Change in Inductor Current
3.2 The Inductor (2/4)
3.2.5 Inductor with Alternating Voltage Across it3.2.6 Inductor with Exponential and Sinusoidal Voltage Input3.2.7 Linearity of Inductor
3.2 The Inductor (3/4)
3.2.8 Energy Storage in an Inductor
3.2 The Inductor (4/4)
3.3 Series Connection of Inductors
3.4 Parallel Connection of Inductors
3.5 The Capacitor (1/2)
3.5 The Capacitor (2/2)
3.6 Series Connection of Capacitors
3.6.1 Series Connection of Capacitors with Zero Initial Energy3.6.2 Series Connection of Capacitors with Non-zero Initial Energy
3.7 Parallel Connection of Capacitors
3.8 Summary
3.9 Problems (1/2)
3.9 Problems (2/2)
Chapter 4 : Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis of Memoryless Circuits
4.1 The Circuit Analysis Problem
4.2 Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Resistors and Independent Current Sources
4.3 Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Independent Voltage Sources (1/2)
4.3 Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Independent Voltage Sources (2/2)
4.4 Source Transformation Theorem and its Use in Nodal Analysis
4.4.1 Source Transformation Theorem
4.4.2 Applying Source Transformation in Nodal Analysis of Circuits
4.5 Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Dependent Current Sources
4.6 Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Dependent Voltage Sources
4.7 Mesh Analysis of Circuits with Resistors and Independent Voltage Sources
4.7.1 Principle of Mesh Analysis
4.7.2 Is Mesh Current Measurable?
4.8 Mesh Analysis of Circuits with Independent Current Sources (1/2)
4.8 Mesh Analysis of Circuits with Independent Current Sources (2/2)
4.9 Mesh Analysis of Circuits Containing Dependent Sources
4.10 Summary
4.11 Problems (1/2)
4.11 Problems (2/2)
Chapter 5 : Circuit Theorems
5.1 Linearity of a Circuit and Superposition Theorem
5.1.1 Linearity of a Circuit (1/2)
5.1.1 Linearity of a Circuit (2/2)
5.2 Star–Delta Transformation Theorem
5.3 Substitution Theorem
5.4 Compensation Theorem
5.5 Thevenin’s Theorem and Norton’s Theorem
5.6 Determination of Equivalents for Circuits with Dependent Sources
5.7 Reciprocity Theorem
5.8 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
5.9 Millman’s Theorem
5.10 Summary
5.11 Problems (1/2)
5.11 Problems (2/2)
Chapter 6 : Power and Energy in Periodic Waveforms
6.1 Why Sinusoids?
6.2 The Sinusoidal Source Function
6.2.1 Amplitude, Period, Cyclic Frequency, Angular Frequency
6.2.2 Phase of a Sinusoidal Waveform
6.2.3 Phase Difference Between Two Sinusoids
6.2.4 Lag or Lead?
6.2.5 Phase Lag/Lead Versus Time Delay/Advance
6.3 Instantaneous Power in Periodic Waveforms (1/2)
6.3 Instantaneous Power in Periodic Waveforms (2/2)
6.4 Average Power in Periodic Waveforms (1/2)
6.4 Average Power in Periodic Waveforms (2/2)
6.5 Effective Value (RMS Value) of Periodic Waveforms
6.5.1 RMS Value of Sinusoidal Waveforms
6.6 The Power Superposition Principle
6.6.1 RMS Value of a Composite Waveform
6.7 Summary
6.8 Problems (1/2)
6.8 Problems (2/2)
Chapter 7 : The Sinusoidal Steady-State Response
7.1 Transient State and Steady-State in Circuits
7.1.1 Governing Differential Equation of Circuits – Examples
7.1.2 Solution of the Circuit Differential Equation
7.1.3 Complete Response with Sinusoidal Excitation
7.2 The Complex Exponential Forcing Function
7.2.1 Sinusoidal Steady-State Response from Response to ejωt
7.2.2 Steady-State Solution to ejωt and the j ω Operator
7.3 Sinusoidal Steady-State Response Using Complex Exponential Input
7.4 The Phasor Concept
7.4.1 Kirchhoff’s Laws in Terms of Complex Amplitudes
7.4.2 Element Relations in Terms of Complex Amplitudes
7.4.3 The Phasor
7.5 Transforming a Circuit into Phasor Equivalent Circuit
7.5.1 Phasor Impedance, Phasor Admittance and Phasor Equivalent Circuit
7.6 Sinusoidal Steady-State Response from Phasor Equivalent Circuit
7.6.1 Comparison between Memoryless Circuits and Phasor Equivalent Circuits
7.6.2 Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis of Phasor Equivalent Circuits – Examples (1/3)
7.6.2 Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis of Phasor Equivalent Circuits – Examples (2/3)
7.6.2 Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis of Phasor Equivalent Circuits – Examples (3/3)
7.7 Circuit Theorems in Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis
7.7.1 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for Sinusoidal Steady-State Condition
7.8 Phasor Diagrams (1/2)
7.8 Phasor Diagrams (2/2)
7.9 Apparent Power, Active Power, Reactive Power and Power Factor
7.9.1 Active and Reactive Components of Current Phasor
7.9.2 Reactive Power and the Power Triangle
7.10 Complex Power Under Sinusoidal Steady-State Condition
7.11 Summary
7.12 Problems (1/2)
7.12 Problems (2/2)
Chapter 8 : Sinusoidal Steady-State in Three-Phase Circuits
8.1 Three-Phase System Versus Single-Phase System
8.2 Three-Phase Sources and Three-Phase Power
8.2.1 The Y-connected Source
8.2.2 The Δ-connected Source
8.3 Analysis of Balanced Three-Phase Circuits
8.3.1 Equivalence Between a Y-connected Source and a Δ-connected Source
8.3.2 Equivalence Between a Y-connected Load and a Δ-connected Load
8.3.3 The Single-Phase Equivalent Circuit for a Balanced Three-Phase Circuit
8.4 Analysis of Unbalanced Three-Phase Circuits
8.4.1 Unbalanced Y–Y Circuit
8.4.2 Circulating Current in Unbalanced Delta-connected Sources
8.5 Symmetrical Components
8.5.1 Three-Phase Circuits with Unbalanced Sources and Balanced Loads
8.5.2 The Zero Sequence Component
8.5.3 Active Power in Sequence Components
8.5.4 Three-Phase Circuits with Balanced Sources and Unbalanced Loads (1/2)
8.5.4 Three-Phase Circuits with Balanced Sources and Unbalanced Loads (2/2)
8.6 Summary
8.7 Problems (1/2)
8.7 Problems (2/2)
Chapter 9 : Dynamic Circuits with Periodic Inputs –Analysis by Fourier Series
9.1 Periodic Waveforms in Circuit Analysis
9.1.1 The Sinusoidal Steady-State Frequency Response Function
9.2 The Exponential Fourier Series
9.3 Trigonometric Fourier Series
9.4 Conditions for Existence of Fourier Series
9.5 Waveform Symmetry and Fourier Series Coefficients
9.6 Properties of Fourier Series and Some Examples (1/2)
9.6 Properties of Fourier Series and Some Examples (2/2)
9.7 Discrete Magnitude and Phase Spectrum
9.8 Rate of Decay of Harmonic Amplitude
9.9 Analysis of Periodic Steady-State Using Fourier Series (1/2)
9.9 Analysis of Periodic Steady-State Using Fourier Series (2/2)
9.10 Normalised Power in a Periodic Waveform and Parseval’s Theorem
9.11 Power and Power Factor in AC System with Distorted Waveforms
9.12 Summary
9.13 Problems (1/2)
9.13 Problems (2/2)
Chapter 10 : First-Order RL Circuits
10.1 The Series RL Circuit
10.1.1 The Series RL Circuit Equations
10.1.2 Need for Initial Condition Specification
10.1.3 Sufficiency of Initial Condition
10.2 Series RL Circuit with Unit Step Input – Qualitative Analysis
10.2.1 From t = 0- to t = 0 +
10.2.2 Inductor Current Growth Process
10.3 Step Response of RL Circuit by Solving Differential Equation
10.3.1 Interpreting the Input Forcing Functions in Circuit Differential Equations
10.3.2 Complementary Function and Particular Integral
10.3.3 Series RL Circuit Response in DC Voltage Switching Problem
10.4 Features of RL Circuit Step Response
10.4.1 Step Response Waveforms in Series RL Circuit
10.4.2 The Time Constant ‘s ’ of a Series RL Circuit
10.4.3 Rise Time and Fall Time in First-Order Circuits
10.4.4 Effect of Non-Zero Initial Condition on DC Switching Response of RL Circuit
10.4.5 Free Response of Series RL Circuit (1/2)
10.4.5 Free Response of Series RL Circuit (2/2)
10.5 Steady-State Response and Forced Response
10.5.1 The DC Steady-State
10.5.2 The Sinusoidal Steady-State
10.5.3 The Periodic Steady-State
10.6 Linearity and Superposition Principle in Dynamic Circuits
10.7 Unit Impulse Response of Series RL Circuit
10.7.1 Zero-State Response for Other Inputs from Impulse Response (1/2)
10.7.1 Zero-State Response for Other Inputs from Impulse Response (2/2)
10.8 Series RL Circuit with Exponential Inputs
10.8.1 Zero-State Response for Real Exponential Input
10.8.2 Zero-State Response for Sinusoidal Input
10.9 General Analysis Procedure for Single Time Constant RL Circuits (1/2)
10.9 General Analysis Procedure for Single Time Constant RL Circuits (2/2)
10.10 Summary
10.11 Problems (1/2)
10.11 Problems (2/2)
Chapter 11 : First-Order RC Circuits
11.1 RC Circuit Equations
11.2 Zero-Input Response of RC Circuit
11.3 Zero-State Response of RC Circuits for Various Inputs
11.3.1 Impulse Response of First-Order RC Circuits
11.3.2 Step Response of First-Order RC Circuits
11.3.3 Ramp Response of Series RC Circuit
11.3.4 Series RC Circuit with Real Exponential Input
11.3.5 Zero-State Response of Parallel RC Circuit for Sinusoidal Input
11.4 Periodic Steady-State in a Series RC Circuit
11.5 Frequency Response of First Order RC Circuits
11.5.1 The Use of Frequency Response
11.5.2 Frequency Response and Linear Distortion
11.5.3 First-Order RC Circuits as Averaging Circuits
11.5.4 Capacitor as a Signal Coupling Element
11.5.5 Parallel RC Circuit for Signal Byassing
11.6 Summary
11.7 Problems (1/2)
11.7 Problems (2/2)
Chapter 12 : Series and Parallel RLC Circuits
12.1 The Series RLC Circuit – Zero-Input Response
12.1.1 Source-Free Response of Series RLC Circuit (1/2)
12.1.1 Source-Free Response of Series RLC Circuit (2/2)
12.2 The Series LC Circuit – A Special Cas e
12.3 The Series LC Circuit with Small Damping – Another Special Case
12.4 Standard Formats for Second-Order Circuit Zero-Input Response
12.5 Impulse Response of Series RLC Circuit
12.6 Step Response of Series RLC Circuit
12.7 Standard Time-Domain Specifications for Second-Order Circuits
12.8 Examples on Impulse and Step Response of Series RLC Circuits
12.9 Frequency Response of Series RLC Circuit
12.9.1 Sinusoidal Forced-Response from Differential Equation
12.9.2 Frequency Response from Phasor Equivalent Circuit
12.10 Resonance in Series RLC Circuit
12.10.1 The Voltage Across Resistor – The Band-pass Output
12.10.2 The Voltage Across Capacitor – The Low-pass Output
12.10.3 The Voltage Across Inductor – The High-Pass Output
12.10.4 Bandwidth Versus Quality Factor of Series RLC Circuit
12.10.5 Quality Factor of Inductor and Capacitor
12.10.6 LC Circuit as an Averaging Filter
12.11 The Parallel RLC Circuit
12.11.1 Zero-Input Response and Zero-State Response of Parallel RLC Circuit
12.11.2 Frequency Response of Parallel RLC Circuit
12.12 Summary
12.13 Problems
Chapter 13 : Analysis of Dynamic Circuits by Laplace Transforms
13.1 Circuit Response to Complex Exponential Input
13.2 Expansion of a Signal in terms of Complex Exponential Functions
13.2.1 Interpretation of Laplace Transform
13.3 Laplace Transforms of Some Common Right-Sided Functions
13.4 The s-Domain System Function H(s)
13.5 Poles and Zeros of System Function and Excitation Function
13.6 Method of Partial Fractions for Inverting Laplace Transforms (1/2)
13.6 Method of Partial Fractions for Inverting Laplace Transforms (2/2)
13.7 Some Theorems on Laplace Transforms
13.7.1 Time-Shifting Theorem
13.7.2 Frequency-Shifting Theorem
13.7.3 Time-Differentiation Theorem
13.7.4 Time-Integration Theorem
13.7.5 s-Domain-Differentiation Theorem
13.7.6 s-Domain-Integration Theorem
13.7.7 Convolution Theorem
13.7.8 Initial Value Theorem
13.7.9 Final Value Theorem
13.8 Solution of Differential Equations by Using Laplace Transforms
13.9 The s-Domain Equivalent Circuit
13.9.1 s-Domain Equivalents of Circuit Elements
13.9.2 Is s-domain Equivalent Circuit Completely Equivalent to Original Circuit?
13.10 Total Response of Circuits Using s-Domain Equivalent Circuit (1/3)
13.10 Total Response of Circuits Using s-Domain Equivalent Circuit (2/3)
13.10 Total Response of Circuits Using s-Domain Equivalent Circuit (3/3)
13.11 Network Functions and Pole-Zero Plots
13.11.1 Driving-Point Functions and Transfer Functions
13.11.2 The Three Interpretations for a Network Function H(s)
13.11.3 Poles and Zeros of H(s) and Natural Frequencies of the Circuit
13.11.4 Specifying a Network Function
13.12 Impulse Response of Network Functions from Pole-Zero Plots
13.13 Sinusoidal Steady-State Frequency Response from Pole-Zero Plots
13.13.1 Three Interpretations for H(jω)
13.13.2 Frequency Response from Pole-Zero Plot
13.14 Summary
13.15 Problems (1/2)
13.15 Problems (2/2)
Chapter 14 : Magnetically Coupled Circuits
14.1 The Mutual Inductance Element
14.1.1 Why Should M12Be Equal to M21?
14.1.2 Dot Polarity Convention
14.1.3 Maximum Value of Mutual Inductance and Coupling Coefficient
14.2 The Two-Winding Transformer
14.3 The Perfectly Coupled Transformer and The Ideal Transformer
14.4 Ideal Transformer and Impedance Matching
14.5 Transformers in Single-Tuned and Double-Tuned Filters
14.5.1 Single-Tuned Amplifier
14.5.2 Double-Tuned Amplifier
14.6 Analysis of Coupled Coils Using Laplace Transforms
14.6.1 Input Impedance Function of a Two-Winding Transformer
14.6.2 Transfer Function of a Two-Winding Transformer
14.7 Flux Expulsion by a Shorted Coil
14.8 Breaking the Primary Current in a Transformer
14.9 Summary
14.10 Problems
Index (1/2)
Index (2/2)

Content preview from Electric Circuit Analysis

1.36 Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements

where Q is the charge that went through the battery in the same time interval. Therefore, VQ = 2

watt-hour = 2 × 3600 watt-sec = 7200 joules. Since Q is 200 C, V = 7200/200 = 36 Volts.

(ii) The average charging current is the value of a constant current that will result in same charge

ﬂow over the same time interval. Therefore, the average charging current is 200 C/1800 sec =

1/9 Amps.

Example: 1.6-4

Find the current I in the direction marked in Fig. 1.6-8.

Fig. 1.6-8 Circuit for Example: 1.6-4

5 A

10 V

10 A

20 V

–20 A

–5 V

20 A

15 V

+++

–

––

– –

–5 V

Solution

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Electric Circuit Analysis

by K. S. Suresh Sharma

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