
64 Electrical impedance: principles, measurement, and applications
X
2
Y
X
Y
LP filter
v(t)
v
2
(t)
Figure 3.3
Analog RMS to dc converter employing an analog multiplier/divider in the
so-called implicit computation method.
3.2.1.4 Sampling voltmeters
Sampling voltmeters measure the RMS value of v(t) performing a calculation
on digital samples v[k]ofv(t) (Sec. 5.1).
If sampling (at frequency f
s
) is performed synchronously (Sec. 5.3.2), a
discretized version of Eq. (3.1) can be applied:
V
RMS
=
1
n
n
k=1
(v[k])
2
,n= f
s
T
Asynchronous sampling (Sec. 5.3.3) ask for more refined calculations (see,
e.g., Damle et al., 2006). For periodic waveforms, a virtual sampling fre- ...