book

Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 3

by Charles Platt

April 2016

Beginner

256 pages

9h 45m

English

Make: Community

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PurposeOrganizationExceptions and ConflictsVolume ContentsVolume 1Volume 2Volume 3MethodReference Versus TutorialTheory and PracticeSensor OutputGlossaryTypographical ConventionsMathematical SyntaxVisual ConventionsUnits and BackgroundsComponent AvailabilityOther InformationIssues and ErrataUs Informing YouYou Informing UsYou Asking UsGoing PublicSafari® Books OnlineAcknowledgments
What It DoesSchematic SymbolGPS SegmentsHow It WorksVariantsValuesHow to Use ItPulse per Second OutputWhat Can Go WrongElectrostatic DischargeFailure to Ground ProperlyCold JointsRestricted AvailabilityInability to Detect SatellitesExceeding Maximum Velocity or Altitude
What It DoesSchematic SymbolIMUApplicationsHow It WorksMagnetic FieldsEarth’s AxesCoil MagnetometerHall Effect and MagnetoresistanceVariantsHow to Use ItWhat Can Go WrongBiasMounting Errors
What It DoesSchematic SymbolVariantsOptical DetectionTransmissive Optical SensorsRetroreflective Optical SensorsMagnetic SensorsReed SwitchReed Switch VariantsReed Switch ValuesHow to Use a Reed SwitchHall-Effect SensorHow a Hall-Effect Sensor WorksHall-Effect Sensor VariantsOther ApplicationsValuesHow to Use a Hall-Effect SensorConfiguration of Object Presence SensorsLinear MotionSensing by InterruptionAngular MotionSensor ComparisonsAdvantages of Optical Presence SensorsDisadvantages of Optical Presence SensorsAdvantages of a Reed SwitchDisadvantages of a Reed SwitchAdvantages of a Hall Effect SensorWhat Can Go WrongOptical Sensor IssuesReed Switch Issues
What It DoesSchematic SymbolsApplicationsHow It WorksPyroelectric DetectorElementsLensesVariantsWhat Can Go WrongTemperature SensitivityDetector Window VulnerabilityMoisture Vulnerability
What It DoesSchematic SymbolsApplicationsVariantsUltrasoundInfraredRelative AdvantagesUltrasonic ExamplesImportsIndividual ElementsInfrared ExamplesTrends in Infrared Proximity SensingCapacitive Displacement SensorApplicationsHow It WorksSources of ErrorValuesWhat Can Go Wrong with Optical and Ultrasound Proximity SensorsObject Too CloseMultiple SignalsInappropriate SurfacesEnvironmental FactorsDeterioration of LEDs
What It DoesApplicationsSchematic SymbolHow It WorksLinear PotentiometerMagnetic Linear EncodersOptical Linear EncodersLinear Encoder ApplicationsLinear Variable Differential TransformersWhat Can Go WrongMechanical IssuesLED Longevity
What It DoesApplicationsSchematic SymbolPotentiometersArc-Segment Rotary PotentiometerEnd StopsMultiturn Rotary PotentiometerMagnetic Rotary Position SensorRotary Position Sensing ChipsRotary EncodersOptical Rotary EncodersOptical ProductsComputer Mouse PrinciplesRotational SpeedAbsolute PositionThe Gray CodeMagnetic Rotary EncodersHow to Use ItWhat Can Go WrongWiring ErrorsCoding ErrorsAmbiguous Terminology
What It DoesSchematic SymbolHow It WorksSimplified VersionApplicationsVariantsMercury SwitchesPendulum SwitchMagnetizationTilt SensorsTwo-Axis Tilt SensorsValuesHow to Use ItWhat Can Go WrongContact ErosionRandom SignalsEnvironmental HazardRequirement for GravityRequirement for Stability
What It DoesSchematic SymbolIMUApplicationsHow It WorksVibrating GyroscopeVariantsIMUsValuesHow to Use ItWhat Can Go WrongTemperature DriftMechanical StressVibrationPlacement

What It DoesIMUSchematic SymbolsApplicationsHow It WorksGravity and Free FallRotationCalculationVariantsValuesWhat Can Go WrongMechanical StressOther Problems
What It DoesSchematic SymbolsVariantsPin-and-SpringPiezoelectric StripChip-Based Piezoelectric“Mousetrap” TypeMagneticMercuryValuesPrimary VariablesDynamic AttributesHow to Use ItWhat Can Go WrongLong Cable RunsInterferenceCorrect GroundingFatigue Failure
What It DoesApplicationsSchematic SymbolHow It WorksStrain GaugeWheatstone Bridge CircuitsWheatstone Bridge ErrorsStrain-Gauge AmplificationOther Strain-Gauge ModulesPlastic-Film Force SensorsHow to Use ItValuesFilm-Based Force Sensors for User InputSpecifications for Film-Based Force SensorsStrain GaugesWhat Can Go WrongSoldering DamageBad Load DistributionWater DamageTemperature SensitivityLeads Too Long
What It DoesApplicationsSchematic SymbolsHow It WorksHow to Use ItObtaining Touch PadsIndividual Touch PadWheels and StripsDesign ConsiderationsWhat Can Go WrongInsensitive to GlovesStylus IssuesConductive Ink
What It DoesSchematic SymbolVariantsResistive SensingCapacitive SensingScreens Available as Components
What It DoesSchematic SymbolsApplicationsHow It WorksBinary-Output Float SensorAnalog-Output Float SensorIncremental-Output Float SensorDisplacement Level SensorsUltrasonic Level SensorsReservoir WeightPressure SensingWhat Can Go WrongTurbulenceTilting
What It DoesSchematic SymbolsPaddlewheel Liquid Flow Rate SensorsTurbine Flow Rate SensorsLimitations of Paddlewheels and TurbinesThermal Mass Liquid Flow Rate SensorSliding Sleeve Liquid Flow SwitchSliding Plunger Liquid Flow SwitchUltrasonic Liquid Flow Rate SensorMagnetic Liquid Flow SensorDifferential Pressure Liquid Flow MeterWhat Can Go WrongVulnerability to Dirt and Corrosive Materials
What It DoesSchematic SymbolsApplicationsDesign ConsiderationsUnitsHow It WorksBasic Sensing ElementsRelative MeasurementVariantsAmbient Air PressureAltitudeGas PressureWhat Can Go WrongVulnerability to Dirt, Moisture, and Corrosive MaterialsLight Sensitivity
What It DoesSchematic SymbolSemiconductor Gas SensorsOxygen SensorsHumidity SensorsDew-Point SensorAbsolute Humidity SensorsRelative Humidity SensorsHumidity Sensor OutputAnalog Humidity SensorDesign ConsiderationsDigital Humidity SensorWhat Can Go WrongContaminationRecalibrationSoldering
What It DoesApplicationsSchematic SymbolHow It WorksAnemometerMass Flow Rate SensingApplicationsUnitsMeasuring Higher VolumesOutputWhat Can Go Wrong
What It DoesSchematic SymbolHow It WorksConstructionVariantsPhotoresistors in Optical IsolatorsValuesComparisons with a PhototransistorHow to Use ItChoosing a Series ResistorWhat Can Go WrongOverloadExcessive VoltageConfusion Among Components
What It DoesSchematic SymbolsApplicationsHow It WorksVariantsPIN PhotodiodesAvalanche DiodesPackagesWavelength RangePhotodiode ArraysOutput OptionsSpecific VariantsValuesHow to Use ItWhat Can Go Wrong
What It DoesSchematic SymbolsApplicationsHow It WorksVariantsOptional Base ConnectionPhotodarlingtonPhotoFETValuesBehavior Compared to Other Light SensorsBinningHow to Use ItOutput CalculationWhat Can Go WrongVisual Classification ErrorsOutput Out of Range
What It DoesSchematic SymbolsApplicationsHow an NTC Thermistor WorksOutput Conversion for Temperature SensingChoosing a Series ResistorWheatstone Bridge CircuitDeriving the Temperature ValueInrush Current LimiterRestartThermistor ValuesTime and TemperatureResistance and ResponseKilohms and KelvinReference TemperatureReference ResistanceDissipation ConstantTemperature CoefficientThermal Time ConstantToleranceTemperature RangeSwitching CurrentPower LimitationsInterchangeabilityWhat Can Go WrongSelf-HeatingHeat DissipationLack of HeatAddendum: Comparison of Temperature SensorsNTC ThermistorPTC ThermistorThermocoupleResistance Temperature DetectorSemiconductor Temperature Sensor
What It DoesSchematic SymbolsPTC OverviewSilistor for Temperature MeasurementRTDsNonlinear PTC ThermistorsOver-Temperature ProtectionOver-Current ProtectionPTC Inrush Current LimitingPTC Thermistor for Lighting BallastPTC Thermistor as a Heating ElementWhat Can Go WrongSelf-HeatingHeating Other Components
What It DoesSchematic SymbolThermocouple ApplicationsHow a Thermocouple WorksThermocouple DetailsHow to Use ItTypes of ThermocouplesSeebeck CoefficientsChips for Output ConversionThermopileWhat Can Go WrongPolarityElectrical InterferenceMetal Fatigue and OxidationUsing the Wrong TypeHeat Damage from Creating a Thermocouple
What It DoesRTD AttributesSchematic SymbolApplicationsHow It WorksVariantsWiringRTD ProbeSignal ConditioningWhat Can Go WrongSelf-HeatingInsulation Affected by HeatIncompatible Sensing Element
What It DoesSemiconductor Temperature Sensor ApplicationsSchematic SymbolAttributesHow It WorksCMOS SensorsMultiple TransistorsPTAT and the Brokaw CellVariantsAnalog Voltage OutputAnalog Current OutputDigital OutputCMOS Semiconductor Temperature SensorsWhat Can Go WrongDifferent Temperature ScalesInterference in Cable RunsLatencyProcessing Time
What It DoesApplicationsSchematic SymbolHow It WorksThermopileTemperature MeasurementVariantsSurface-Mount SpecificationsSensor ArraysValuesTemperature RangeField of ViewWhat Can Go WrongInappropriate Field of ViewReflective ObjectsGlass ObstructionMultiple Heat SourcesThermal Gradients
What It DoesSchematic SymbolHow It WorksCarbon MicrophoneMoving-Coil MicrophoneCondenser MicrophoneElectret MicrophoneMEMS MicrophonePiezoelectric MicrophoneValuesSensitivityDirectionalityFrequency ResponseImpedanceTotal Harmonic DistortionSignal-to-Noise RatioWhat Can Go WrongCable SensitivityNoisy Power Supply
What It DoesApplicationsAmmeterSchematic SymbolAmmeter WiringSeries ResistorCurrent-Sense ResistorsVoltage MeasurementHall-Effect Current SensingWhat Can Go WrongConfusing AC with DCMagnetic InterferenceIncorrect Meter WiringCurrent Out of Range
What It DoesApplicationsVolt MeterSchematic SymbolVolt Meter WiringHow It WorksLoad-Related InaccuracyBar GraphWhat Can Go WrongConfusing AC with DCHigh Circuit ImpedanceVoltage Out of RangeVoltage Relative to Ground
Analog Outputs1. Analog: Voltage2. Analog: Resistance3. Analog: Open Collector4. Analog: Current5. Binary: High/Low6. Binary: PWM7. Binary: Frequency8. Digital: I2C9. Digital: SPI