About this ChapterComputer Dependence and Internet GrowthThe Shrinking Vulnerability Threat WindowMotivations for Cyber Criminal ActivityBlack MarketsHackersScript KiddiesSolitary Cyber Criminals and Exploit Writers for HireOrganized CrimeIdentity Thieves (Impersonation Fraudsters)CompetitorsActivist Groups, Nation-State Threats, and TerroristsActivistsNation-State ThreatsChinaFranceRussiaUnited KingdomUnited StatesTerroristsInsidersTools of the TradeApplication-Layer ExploitsBotnetsBuffer OverflowsCode PackingDenial-of-Service (DoS) AttacksMore Aggressive and Sophisticated MalwareNonwired Attacks and Mobile DevicesPassword CrackingPhishingReconnaissance and GoogledorksRootkits and KeyloggersSocial Engineering AttacksVoice-Over IP (VoIP) AttacksZero-Day ExploitsSummary