System troubleshooting is both an art and a science. It is also a very big and complex topic. If I had to write a book covering all aspects of system troubleshooting, it would have more pages than the one you are currently reading.
The processes of system troubleshooting and performance tuning require you to take a holistic view of the system. SQL Server never lives in a vacuum, and the root cause of a problem may not necessarily reside in the database. Inadequate hardware, improper OS and SQL Server configuration, inefficient ...