xii Contents
10.4 Operational Features 381
10.5 Double-Anode Vircators 384
10.5.1 Reditrons 385
10.6 Cavity Vircators 387
10.7 Feedback Vircators 389
10.8 Coaxial Vircators 390
10.9 Phase Locking Vircators 391
10.10 Applications and Limitations of Vircators 393
Problems 394
References 395
11 Gyrotrons, Electron Cyclotron Masers, and Free-Electron Lasers 399
11.1 Introduction 399
11.2 Gyrotrons and ECMs 399
11.2.1 History of Gyrotrons and ECMs 400
11.2.2 Gyrotron and ECM Design Principles 401
11.2.3 Gyrotron and ECM Operational Features 407
11.2.3.1 High-Average-Power Gyrotrons 407
11.2.3.2 Relativistic Gyrotrons 408
11.2.3.3 CARMs 411
11.2.3.4 Gyroklystrons 412
11.2.4 Outlook for ECMs 415
11.3 Free-Electron Lasers 416
11.3.1 ...