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Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments

Name: Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments
Author: Robert Bruce Thompson
ISBN: 9781449331429

by Robert Bruce Thompson

April 2008

Intermediate to advanced

432 pages

17h 26m

English

Make: Community

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DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments: All Lab, No Lecture
Dedication
Preface
Who This Book is ForHow This Book is OrganizedAcknowledgmentsThank You
1. Introduction
Maintaining a Laboratory NotebookLaboratory Notebook GuidelinesUse the following guidelines to maintain your laboratory notebook:Laboratory Notebook FormatUse the following general format for recording an experiment in your lab notebook:
2. Laboratory Safety
Laboratory Safety Rules We RecommendPrepare ProperlyAll Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a Responsible AdultFamiliarize Yourself with Safety Procedures and EquipmentAlways Read the MSDS for Every Chemical that You Will Use in a Laboratory SessionOrganize Your Work AreaDress ProperlyWear Approved Eye Protection at All TimesWear Protective Gloves and ClothingAvoid Laboratory HazardsAvoid Chemical HazardsAvoid Fire HazardsAvoid Glassware HazardsDon’t Do Stupid ThingsNever Eat, Drink, or Smoke in the LaboratoryNever Work Alone in the LaboratoryNo Horsing AroundNever Combine Chemicals ArbitrarilyDon’t Make Explosives
3. Equipping a Home Chemistry Laboratory
General Purpose Glassware and PlasticwareTest TubesBeakersFlaskSErlenmeyer FlasksFlorence (Boiling) FlasksFiltering FlasksFunnelsBottles and VialsStorage BottlesBarnes BottlesWash BottlesMiscellaneous General GlasswareVolumetric GlasswareGraduated CylindersPipettesBurettesVolumetric FlasksMicroscale EquipmentReaction PlatesDroppers and Disposable PipettesRecommended Laboratory GlasswareLaboratory Equipment and SuppliesBalanceHeat SourcesSupport Stands, Rings, and ClampsPipetterspH Measuring ToolsThermometersScoops, Spatulas, and SpoonsFilter PaperChromatography PaperBattery and ElectrodesRubber Stoppers and CorksRecommended Laboratory Equipment and SuppliesMiscellaneous Equipment (Junk Collecting)Work Area
4. Chemicals for the Home Chemistry Lab
Chemical NamesChemical GradesChemical Risk Factors and Safety AdviceMaterial Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)NFPA 704 Fire DiamondRisk Phrases (R-phrases) and Safety Phrases (S-phrases)Hazard Pictograms and Letter SymbolsSafe Chemical HandlingIncompatible ChemicalsStorage Color CodesProper Disposal of Used and Unneeded ChemicalsDisposal of Common Laboratory ChemicalsDisposal of Heavy-Metal and Other Toxic CompoundsChemicals Used in This BookNotes:Shipping Hazardous Chemicals
5. Mastering Laboratory Skills
Measurement Resolution and Significant FiguresHandling Chemicals ProperlyUsing a BalanceMeasuring Liquids by VolumeUsing a Volumetric FlaskUsing a PipetteCleaning a PipetteCalibrating a Disposable Plastic PipetteUsing a BurettePerforming Titrations without a BuretteTitrate Using a Graduated CylinderTitrate Using a Mohr PipetteFiltrationSeparationsUsing Heat SourcesUsing an Alcohol LampUsing a Gas BurnerEvaporating and DryingWorking with Glass TubingCutting Glass TubingBending and Drawing Glass TubingInserting Glass Tubing into Corks and Stoppers SafelyCleaning Glassware
6. Laboratory: Separating Mixtures
Laboratory 6.1: Differential Solubility: Separate Sand and SucroseProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 6.2: Distillation: Purify ethanolProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 6.3: Recrystallization: Purify Copper SulfateProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 6.4: Solvent ExtractionProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation of MixturesProcedurePart I: Basic ChromatographyPart II: Two-Dimensional ChromatographyReview QuestionsLaboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of a HydrateProcedureReview Questions
7. Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
Laboratory 7.1: Make Up a Molar Solution of a Solid ChemicalProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 7.2: Make Up a Molal Solution of a Solid ChemicalProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 7.3: Make Up a Molar Solution of a Liquid ChemicalProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 7.4: Make Up a Mass-to-Volume Percentage SolutionProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 7.5: Determine Concentration of a Solution by Visual ColorimetryProcedurePart I: Make Up Reference SolutionsPart II: Determine the Concentration of an Unknown SolutionReview Questions

8. Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions
Laboratory 8.1: Determine Molar Mass by Boiling Point ElevationProcedurePart I: Determine the Boiling Point of Water Under Ambient PressurePart II: Prepare Molal Solutions of Sodium Chloride and SucrosePart III: Determine the Boiling Points of Sodium Chloride and Sucrose SolutionsReview QuestionsLaboratory 8.2: Determine Molar Mass by Freezing Point DepressionProcedurePart I: Prepare the Ice Bath and Determine the Freezing Point of WaterPart II: Determine the Freezing Points of Sodium Chloride and Sucrose SolutionsReview QuestionsLaboratory 8.3: Observe the Effects of Osmotic PressureProcedureReview Questions
9. Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry
Laboratory 9.1: Observe a Composition ReactionProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 9.2: Observe a Decomposition ReactionProcedurePart IPart IIReview QuestionsLaboratory 9.3: Observe a Single Displacement ReactionProcedurePart IPart IIReview QuestionsLaboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a Double Displacement ReactionProcedurePart IPart IIReview Questions
10. Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactions
Laboratory 10.1: Reduction of copper ore to copper metalProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 10.2: Observe the Oxidation States of ManganeseProcedureReview Questions
11. Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry
Laboratory 11.1: Determine the Effect of Concentration on PHProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 11.2: Determine the pH of Aqueous Salt SolutionsProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 11.3: Observe the Characteristics of a Buffer SolutionProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 11.4: Standardize a Hydrochloric Acid Solution by TitrationProcedurePart I: Make Up a Stock Reference Solution of ~1.500 M Sodium CarbonatePart II: Use Serial Dilution to Make Up a Working Reference Solution of ~0.1500 M Sodium CarbonatePart III: Standardize a Bench Solution of ~1 M Hydrochloric AcidReview Questions
12. Laboratory: Chemical Kinetics
Laboratory 12.1: Determine the Effect of Temperature on Reaction RateProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 12.2: Determine the Effect of Surface Area on Reaction RateProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 12.3: Determine the Effect of Concentration on Reaction RateProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 12.4: Determine the Effect of a Catalyst on Reaction RateProcedureReview Questions
13. Laboratory: Chemical Equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s Principle
Laboratory 13.1: Observe Le Chatelier’s Principle in ActionProcedurePart I: Examine the Effect of Concentration on EquilibriumPart II: Examine the Effect of Temperature on EquilibriumPart III: Examine the Effect of Volume on EquilibriumPART IV: Examine the Effect of Pressure (and Temperature) on EquilibriumObservationsPart IPart IIPart IIIPart IVReview QuestionsLaboratory 13.2: Quantify the Common Ion EffectProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 13.3: Determine a Solubility Product ConstantProcedurePart I: Determine the Ksp of Sodium Chloride GravimetricallyPart II: Determine the Ksp of Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate Titrimetrically (volumetrically)Review Questions
14. Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
Laboratory 14.1: Observe the Volume-Pressure Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law)ProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 14.2: Observe the Volume-Temperature Relationship of Gases (Charles’ Law)ProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 14.3: Observe the Pressure-Temperature Relationship of Gases (Gay-Lussac’s Law)ProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 14.4: Use the Ideal Gas Law to Determine the Percentage of Acetic Acid in VinegarProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 14.5: Determine Molar Mass from Vapor DensityProcedureReview Questions
15. Laboratory: Thermochemistry and Calorimetry
Laboratory 15.1: Determine Heat of SolutionProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 15.2: Determine the Heat of Fusion of IceProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 15.3: Determine the Specific Heat of a MetalProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 15.4: Determine the Enthalpy Change of a ReactionProcedureReview Questions
16. Laboratory: Electrochemistry
Laboratory 16.1: Produce Hydrogen and Oxygen by Electrolysis of WaterProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 16.2: Observe the Electrochemical Oxidation of IronProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode PotentialsProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 16.4: Observe Energy Transformation (Voltage and Current)ProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 16.5: Build a Voltaic Cell with Two Half-CellsProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 16.6: Build a BatteryProcedureReview Questions
17. Laboratory: Photochemistry
Laboratory 17.1: Photochemical Reaction of Iodine and OxalateProcedurePart I: Prepare Reference SamplesPart II: Determine the Effects of Different Light Sources on Iodine/Oxalate Solution SamplesReview Questions
18. Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
Laboratory 18.1 Observe Some Properties of Colloids and SuspensionsProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 18.2: Produce Firefighting FoamProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 18.3: Prepare a Gelled SolProcedureReview Questions
19. Laboratory: Qualitative Analysis
Laboratory 19.1: Use Flame Tests to Discriminate Metal IonsProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 19.2: Use Borax Bead Tests to Discriminate Metal IonsProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic AnionsProcedurePart I: Testing for Nitrate IonsPart II: Testing for Other AnionsReview QuestionsLaboratory 19.4: Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic CationsProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 19.5: Qualitative Analysis of BoneProcedurePart I: Sample PreparationPart II: Analysis of IonsReview Questions
20. Laboratory: Quantitative Analysis
Laboratory 20.1: Quantitative Analysis of Vitamin C by Acid-Base TitrationProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 20.2: Quantitative Analysis of Chlorine Bleach by Redox TitrationProcedurePart I: Determine the Density of Chlorine BleachPart II: Determine Hypochlorite ConcentrationReview QuestionsLaboratory 20.3: Quantitative Anion Analysis of SeawaterProcedurePart I: Determine Seawater Density and Total Dissolved SolidsPart II: Determine Chloride Ion QuantitativelyPart III: Determine Sulfate Ion QuantitativelyReview Questions
21. Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful Compounds
Laboratory 21.1: Synthesize Methyl Salicylate From AspirinProcedurePart I: Synthesize Methyl SalicylatePart II: Isolate and Purify the ProductPart III: Determine Density and Freezing Point of the ProductReview QuestionsLaboratory 21.2: Produce Rayon FiberProcedureReview Questions
22. Laboratory: Forensic Chemistry
Laboratory 22.1: Use the Sherlock Holmes Test to Detect BloodProcedureReview QuestionsLaboratory 22.2: Perform a Presumptive Test for Illicit DrugsProcedurePart I: Prepare ReagentsPart II: Run the TestsReview QuestionsLaboratory 22.3: Reveal Latent FingerprintsProcedurePart I: Iodine FumingPart II: Ninhydrin SprayPart III: Silver Nitrate SprayReview QuestionsLaboratory 22.4: Perform the Marsh TestProcedurePart I: Establish Reagent PurityPart II: Test the SamplesPart III: Discriminate between Arsenic and AntimonyReview Questions
Index
About the Author
Copyright

Content preview from Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments

Chapter 1. Introduction

What you take away from an experience depends on how you approach it and what you hope to get out of it.

If you’re a hobbyist, no problem. Simply read the book from start to finish and do the labs in the order they’re presented. You’ll have a lot of fun and learn a lot about chemistry along the way.

If you’re a home school student or a public school student who wants a laboratory chemistry course to supplement and enhance a lecture-based high school chemistry course, you’ll need to do a bit more planning. The lab sessions in this book cover at least two years’ worth of high school chemistry lab work, including a full set of ...

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Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments

by Robert Bruce Thompson

Chapter 1. Introduction

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
and much more.