Building automation protocols
Building automation protocols allow communication between the parts of the control systems that run applications such as heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning. Protocols in use in this category include BACnet, C-Bus, Modbus, ZigBee, and Z-Wave.
From a security perspective, these protocols tend to be unencrypted and without integrity checking applied, which leaves them open to replay and manipulation attacks. What makes things particularly dangerous is that fact that most of the installed systems are connected to the internet or at least accessible via a modem for the vendor to supply remote support. Oftentimes, the authentication isn't very solid on the boundary of the system and breaking into it is a simple ...
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