book

Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

by V. Çağrı Güngör, Gerhard P. Hancke

December 2017

Intermediate to advanced

406 pages

11h 55m

English

CRC Press

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1.1 Introduction1.2 Technological Challenges1.3 Environmental Sensing Applications1.3.1 Concept and Objectives1.3.2 Existing Solutions1.3.2.1 Pollution1.3.2.2 Hazard1.3.2.3 Security1.4 Condition Monitoring Applications1.4.1 Concept and Objectives1.4.2 Existing Solutions1.4.2.1 Structural Health Monitoring1.4.2.2 Equipment Condition Monitoring1.4.2.3 Human Being Monitoring1.5 Process and Service Monitoring Applications1.5.1 Concept and Objectives1.5.2 Existing Solutions1.5.2.1 Process and Service Provision Evaluation1.5.2.2 Process and Service Provision Improvement1.6 Commercial Solutions for IWSN1.7 ConclusionsReferences
2.1 Introduction2.2 System Requirements of Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks2.2.1 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks Application Cases2.2.2 System Requirements of IWSNs2.3 Resource Constraint versus Higher System Requirements2.3.1 Resource Constrained Wireless Sensor Nodes2.3.2 Resource Constraints versus Higher System Requirements2.4 Standards and Protocols of Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks2.4.1 ZigBee2.4.2 WirelessHART2.4.3 ISA100.11a2.4.4 Other Protocols for IWSNs2.5 On-sensor Data Processing for IWSNs2.5.1 Experimental System Architecture2.5.2 Experimental Validation2.6 Energy Harvesting for Wireless Sensor Nodes2.7 ConclusionsReferences
3.1 Introduction3.2 Traffic Monitoring and Control System3.3 Intelligent Car Park Management System3.3.1 WSN-Based Car Park Management System3.3.2 Sensor Technology3.4 Intra-Vehicle Applications3.4.1 Intra-Vehicle Communication Link Quality Studies3.4.2 UWB-Based WSN3.4.3 Other Issues3.5 Road Safety3.5.1 Road Sensor Networks3.5.2 Vehicular Sensor Networks (VSNs) for Road Safety3.6 Implementation Issues3.6.1 Interference3.6.2 Power Consumption3.6.3 Security Issues3.7 ConclusionsReferences
4.1 Introduction4.2 Applications and Requirements for Industrial Automation4.2.1 Targeted Applications4.2.2 Requirements4.2.3 Design Objectives4.3 Research Challenges4.3.1 Safety4.3.2 Security4.3.3 Availability4.3.4 Real-time Performance4.3.5 System Integration and Deployment4.3.6 Coexistence and Interference Avoidance4.3.7 Energy Consumption4.4 ConclusionsReferences
5.1 Introduction5.2 Algorithms5.2.1 SSEA and ASEA Schemes5.2.2 A Practical Flow Control Scheme5.2.3 Fixed Power (FP), Minimum-Interference (MI), and Multi-Sink (MS) Power Allocation Schemes5.2.4 QuickFix/SnapIt Algorithms5.2.5 DRABP and NRABP Schemes5.2.6 Duty Cycling and Power Management Algorithm5.2.7 MAX-UTILITY and MAX-UTILITY-D Algorithms5.2.8 NetOnline Algorithm5.2.9 The Joint Rate Control, Power Allocation, and Routing Algorithm5.3 Comparison of the Algorithms5.4 ConclusionsReferences
6.1 Introduction6.2 Wireless Sensor Networks for Industrial Applications6.2.1 Challenges6.2.2 Design Goals6.3 Energy Harvesting Techniques for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks6.3.1 Solar Energy Harvesting6.3.2 Thermal Energy Harvesting6.3.3 Vibration-Based Energy Harvesting6.3.4 Air Flow Energy Harvesting6.3.5 Acoustic Energy Harvesting6.3.6 Magnetic Field Energy Harvesting6.3.7 Electromagnetic Wave Energy Harvesting6.3.8 Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting6.3.9 Envisaged Energy Harvesting Solutions6.4 Open Research Issues6.5 ConclusionsReferences
7.1 Introduction7.2 Faults in IWSNs7.2.1 Sources of Faults in IWSNs7.2.2 Fault Detection in IWSNs7.2.3 Fault Recovery in IWSNs7.2.4 Network Faults in IWSNs7.3 Fault Handling in IWSN Standards7.3.1 ZigBee Networks7.3.2 WirelessHART Networks7.3.3 ISA100.11a Networks7.4 Fault-Tolerant IWSN Design7.4.1 Fault Tolerant Routing7.4.2 Fault Tolerant Node Placement and Clustering7.5 ConclusionsReferences
8.1 Introduction8.2 Industrial Applications and Settings8.2.1 IWSN Applications8.2.1.1 Monitoring Applications8.2.1.2 Cable Replacement Applications8.2.2 Why (and Why Not) Wireless in an I(W)SN?8.3 A View on a Distributed Control System8.3.1 Challenges in IWSNs8.4 Delay Sensitive Networks8.4.1 Proposed Mechanisms8.4.1.1 Early Retirement (ER)8.4.1.2 Variable Redundancy Error Correction (PHY+)8.4.1.3 Enhanced MAC for Delay Sensitive Networks (MAC+)8.4.2 Simulations8.4.2.1 ER and PHY+ Simulations and Discussions8.4.2.2 MAC+ Simulations and Discussions8.4.2.3 General Discussions8.5 ConclusionsReferences
9.1 Introduction9.2 Clocks9.3 Network Synchronization Protocols for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks9.3.1 Timing-Sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN)9.3.2 Reference Broadcast Synchronization (RBS)9.3.3 Random Time Source Protocol9.3.4 Kalman-Based Industrial Wireless Sensor Network Synchronization9.3.5 Mutual Network Synchronization9.4 Parameter Estimation in Network Synchronization for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks9.5 ConclusionsReferences
10.1 Introduction10.2 The Wireless Control Network and the Industrial Setting10.3 Wireless Network Alternatives10.3.1 IEEE 802.1110.3.2 IEEE 802.11 with Cooperative Medium Access Control Protocol (COMAC)10.3.3 IEEE 802.15.410.4 Wireless Model Based Predictive Networked Control System (WMBPNCS)10.4.1 The Plant and the Control Algorithm10.5 Case Studies10.5.1 Performance Using IEEE 802.1110.5.2 Performance Using COMAC10.5.3 Performance Using IEEE 802.15.410.6 ConclusionsReferences
11.1 Introduction11.2 Taxonomy of MAC Protocols11.2.1 Requirements of IWSNs at the MAC Layer11.2.2 Outline of Standardization Activities at the MAC Layer11.2.3 MAC Protocols Proposed for IWSNs11.2.4 WSN MAC Protocols with Latency Bound and to Support Real-Time Operation11.2.5 WSN MAC Protocols with Other Objectives Related to the Requirements of IWSNs11.2.6 Classification11.3 Taxonomy of Routing Protocols11.3.1 Routing Requirements of IWSNs11.3.2 Standardization Efforts for Routing11.3.3 Routing Protocols Proposed for IWSNs11.3.4 WSN Routing Protocols with QoS Guarantee for Reliability and Timeliness11.3.5 Classification11.4 Cross Layer Protocols11.5 Future Research Directions / Open Problems11.6 ConclusionsReferences
12.1 Introduction12.2 Industrial Applications: QoS Requirements and Key Performance Indicators12.2.1 Classification Based on Type of Application Data12.2.2 Classification Based on Application Data Criticality12.2.3 Key Performance Indicators12.3 General Considerations for Routing in Industrial Environments12.3.1 WSN Topologies in Industrial Scenarios12.3.2 Challenges12.3.2.1 Low Power Operation & Delay12.3.2.2 Lossy Connectivity & Reliability12.3.2.3 Memory Footprint & Control Overhead12.3.2.4 Conflicting QoS Requirements12.3.2.5 Resource Allocation & Priority12.4 Current Approaches for Routing in Industrial Environments12.4.1 WirelessHART & ISA10012.4.2 ZigBee12.4.3 Proprietary Wireless Sensing in IWSN12.4.4 RPL12.4.5 Metrics for QoS Aware Routing12.4.5.1 Single Metric Routing12.4.5.2 Multiple Metric Routing12.5 Conclusions12.6 GlossaryReferences
13.1 Introduction13.2 DSC Information Quality and Resource Allocation13.2.1 Definition of Information Quality with Multirate DSC Compression Dependency13.2.2 Resource Allocation for Multirate Wireless Transmissions13.3 Channel Coding13.3.1 Hamming Codes13.3.2 Reed-Solomon (RS) Codes13.3.3 Cross-Layer Design13.4 Information Efficiency Optimization Problem Formulation13.5 Cross-Layer Design Performance13.5.1 Selective Channel Coding13.6 ConclusionsReferences
14.1 Introduction14.2 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks14.2.1 Lifecycle of a Sensor14.2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Energy Supply and Demand Optimization14.3 Security Challenges in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks14.3.1 Resource Constraints14.3.2 Scalability14.3.3 Mobility Support14.3.4 Intermittent Connectivity14.3.5 Privacy14.4 Authentication and Network Access Control14.4.1 Bootstrapping14.4.2 Authentication and Network Access Control14.4.3 Mobility-Supported Authentication14.4.4 Discussion14.5 Key Management14.5.1 Key Pre-distribution14.5.2 Key Update14.5.3 Discussion14.6 Security Maintenance14.6.1 Software Update14.6.2 Discussion14.7 Privacy Management14.7.1 Pseudonymity14.7.2 Anonymization Techniques14.7.3 Discussion14.8 ConclusionsReferences
15.1 Introduction15.2 Advantages of CRSN for Industrial Applications15.3 CRSN Architecture for Industrial Applications15.4 Spectrum Management Requirements of CRSN in Industrial Applications15.4.1 Spectrum Sensing15.4.2 Spectrum Decision15.4.3 Spectrum Mobility15.5 Communication Protocol Requirements of CRSN in Industrial Applications15.5.1 Cognitive Physical Layer15.5.2 Spectrum-Aware Collaborative Medium Access Control15.5.3 Spectrum-Aware Event-Oriented Routing15.5.4 Reliable and Spectrum-Aware Event Transport15.6 ConclusionsReferences
16.1 Introduction16.2 History16.3 Regulations and Standards16.3.1 Regulations16.3.2 Standards16.3.3 Specifications16.4 Industrial Requirements16.5 IEEE 802.15.416.5.1 Introduction16.5.2 Protocol Overview16.6 WirelessHART16.6.1 Protocol Overview16.6.2 Protocol Features16.7 ISA100.11a16.7.1 Protocol Overview16.7.2 Protocol Features16.8 WIA-PA16.8.1 Protocol Overview16.8.2 Protocol Features16.9 Conclusions16.10 GlossaryReferences

Overview

Featuring contributions by researchers around the world, this book explores the state of the art in industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) and outlines future directions for research. It offers in-depth reviews of emerging and already-deployed applications and technologies, including radio and energy harvesting technologies. It also highlights technical challenges and design objectives and discusses issues critical to industrial applications, such as latency, fault tolerance, synchronization, network security, and cross-layer design. A chapter on standards emphasizes the need for specific wireless communication standards for industrial applications.