book

Integrated Agriculture

by Amanullah

June 2024

Intermediate to advanced

387 pages

13h 33m

English

De Gruyter

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Introduction1.1 The historical significance of agriculture1.2 Economic contributions of agriculture1.3 Global food security1.4 The role of agriculture in environmental sustainability1.5 Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan’s economy1.5.1 Employment and livelihoods1.5.2 GDP contribution1.5.3 Food security1.5.4 Raw materials1.5.5 Export earnings1.5.6 Rural development1.5.7 Support for other sectors1.5.8 Foreign exchange1.5.9 Sustainable resource management1.5.10 Market linkages1.5.11 Economic stability1.5.12 Poverty alleviation1.5.13 Social stability1.6 Components of agriculture1.6.1 Crops1.6.2 Livestock and poultry farming1.6.3 Fisheries1.6.4 Forestry1.6.5 Agroprocessing1.6.6 Irrigation and water management1.6.7 Agricultural machinery and technology1.6.8 Agricultural research and extension1.6.9 Agricultural markets and trade1.6.10 Rural development1.6.11 Government policies and support1.6.12 Climate and environmental factors1.6.13 Natural resource utilization1.6.14 Agricultural value chains1.6.15 International trade1.6.16 Agricultural development programs
Introduction2.1 Climate change2.2 Resource scarcity2.3 Market dynamics2.4 Major challenges faced by Pakistan’s agricultural sector2.4.1 Water scarcity2.4.2 Land degradation2.4.3 Climate change2.4.4 Outdated farming techniques2.4.5 Fragmented landholdings and small-scale farming2.4.6 Inadequate infrastructure2.4.7 Inadequate agricultural extension services2.4.8 Lack of research and development2.4.9 Market constraints and price volatility2.4.10 Limited access to finance and agricultural inputs2.4.11 Policy and governance issues2.4.12 Rural poverty and socioeconomic inequality2.5 Land degradation, water scarcity, and climate change2.5.1 Land degradation2.5.2 Water scarcity2.5.3 Climate change2.6 Pakistan’s socioeconomic challenges2.6.1 Population growth2.6.2 Poverty and rural livelihoods2.6.3 Limited access to resources2.6.4 Gender inequality2.6.5 Education and knowledge gap2.6.6 Infrastructure and market access2.6.7 Environmental degradation and climate vulnerability2.7 Implications of population growth and food security concerns2.7.1 Increased food demand2.7.2 Agricultural productivity2.7.3 Pressure on natural resources2.7.4 Food price inflation2.7.5 Food security and nutrition2.7.6 Poverty and inequality2.7.7 Urbanization and land use changes2.8 An integrated approach to overcome the challenges in agriculture2.8.1 Water resource management2.8.2 Climate change resilience2.8.3 Low productivity2.8.4 Land degradation and soil health2.8.5 Access to finance and technology2.8.6 Market access and value addition2.8.7 Policy reforms and institutional support2.8.8 Community engagement and capacity building
Introduction3.1 Importance of agronomy3.1.1 Enhanced crop productivity3.1.2 Sustainable agricultural practices3.1.3 Soil management and fertility3.1.4 Crop selection and breeding3.1.5 Water management3.1.6 Technology adoption3.1.7 Knowledge transfer and extension services3.2 Integrated crop management3.2.1 Benefits of integrated crop management3.3 Crop production and crop productivity3.3.1 Crop production3.3.2 Crop productivity3.4 Strategies to increase crop productivity3.4.1 Improved seed selection3.4.2 Balanced nutrient management3.4.3 Efficient water management3.4.4 Integrated pest management (IPM)3.4.5 Crop diversification and rotation3.4.6 Conservation agriculture3.4.7 Access to credit and technology3.4.8 Farmer education and extension services3.4.9 Research and development3.4.10 Policy support and infrastructure development3.5 The role of agronomy in food security3.6 The role of agronomy in sustainability
Introduction4.1 Understanding integrated and sustainable agriculture4.1.1 Optimization of resource use4.1.2 Enhancement of ecosystem services4.1.3 Promotion of agroecological principles4.1.4 Integration of farming systems4.1.5 Minimization of environmental impacts4.1.6 Improvement of livelihoods4.2 Fostering agroecological approaches4.2.1 Agroforestry4.2.2 Polyculture4.2.3 Biological pest control4.2.4 Soil health management4.2.5 Empowering farmers and communities4.2.6 Access to knowledge and resources4.2.7 Support services and financial assistance4.2.8 Rural infrastructure development4.2.9 Market access and value chains4.2.10 Social capital and community resilience4.3 Sustainable agriculture4.3.1 Conservation of soil resources4.3.2 Water resource management4.3.3 Biodiversity conservation4.3.4 Climate change resilience4.3.5 Economic viability and rural livelihoods4.3.6 Food security and nutrition4.3.7 Environmental protection4.3.8 Long-term sustainability4.4 Integrated agriculture4.4.1 Concept of integrated agriculture4.4.2 Principles of integrated agriculture4.4.3 Key aspects of integrated agriculture4.4.4 Role of integrated agriculture and global agricultural challenges4.4.5 Importance and benefits of integrated agriculture4.4.6 Benefits of integrated agriculture in sustainable development4.4.7 Potential areas of innovation of integrated agriculture4.4.8 The role integrated agriculture in decarbonizing agriculture4.5 Decarbonizing agriculture4.5.1 Reducing carbon emissions4.5.2 Enhancing carbon sequestration4.5.3 Promoting sustainable land management
Introduction5.1 Farming system5.2 Cropping system5.3 Integrated farming system (IFS)5.4 Key components of an integrated farming system5.4.1 Crop cultivation5.4.2 Livestock farming5.4.3 Aquaculture and fisheries5.4.4 Agroforestry5.4.5 Crop residue management5.4.6 Biodynamic nutrient cycling5.4.7 Resource recycling5.4.8 Integrated pest management 5.4.9 Diversification of income5.4.10 Sustainability5.4.11 Technology adoption5.5 Some examples of integrated farming systems5.5.1 Agroforestry systems5.5.2 Aquaponics5.5.3 Integrated crop-livestock systems5.5.4 Integrated rice-duck farming5.5.5 Integrated poultry systems5.5.6 Multistory farming systems5.5.7 Beekeeping in agroecosystems5.6 IFS in drylands and irrigated lands5.6.1 Integrated farming system in dryland areas5.6.2 Integrated farming system in irrigated areas5.7 Integrated farming systems in winter and summer seasons5.7.1 Integrated farming system in winter season5.7.2 Integrated farming system in summer season5.8 IFS in temperate, subtropical, and tropical areas5.8.1 Integrated farming system in temperate regions5.8.2 Integrated farming system in subtropical regions5.8.3 Integrated farming system in tropical regions5.9 IFS in urban or city environments and rural areas5.9.1 Integrated farming systems in urban areas5.9.2 Integrated farming systems in rural areas5.10 Integrated farming systems in lowland and upland areas5.10.1 Integrated farming systems in lowland areas5.10.2 Integrated farming systems in upland areas5.11 Models of integrated farming systems5.11.1 M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) model5.11.2 Integrated farming and agroforestry model5.11.3 Agroecological farming model5.11.4 Sustainable livelihoods approach5.11.5 Permaculture design system5.11.6 Zero-budget natural farming5.11.7 System of rice intensification 5.11.8 Conservation agriculture model5.11.9 Multistrata agroforestry model5.11.10 Urban agriculture and vertical farming models5.12 Integrated farming system research (IFSR)5.12.1 Agricultural research institutes5.12.2 Research on staple crops5.12.3 Irrigation and water management research5.12.4 Livestock and dairy research5.12.5 Agroforestry and watershed management5.12.6 Sustainable agriculture and organic farming5.12.7 Climate change adaptation5.12.8 Community-based research5.12.9 Extension and outreach
Introduction6.1 Key aspects of integrated crop management6.1.1 Crop rotation6.1.2 Multiple cropping, intercropping, and mixed cropping6.1.3 Cover crops in integrated crop management6.1.4 Mulching in integrated crop management6.1.5 Nutrient management6.1.6 Pest and disease management6.1.7 Integrated weed management (IWM)6.1.8 Water management6.1.9 Climate resilience6.1.10 Conservation agriculture and agroforestry approaches6.1.11 Precision agriculture and use of advanced technologies in crop management
Introduction7.1 Integrated crop-livestock systems7.1.1 Agropastoral systems7.1.2 Nutrient management7.1.3 Pasture management7.1.4 Animal health and welfare7.1.5 Manure management7.1.6 Examples in different parts of the globe7.2 Integrated livestock-crop systems and their benefits7.2.1 Nutrient cycling7.2.2 Soil fertility and health7.2.3 Diversified income sources7.2.4 Reduced risk of pests and diseases7.2.5 Improved efficiency in resource use7.2.6 Environmental sustainability7.3 Sustainable livestock production practices7.3.1 Proper grazing management7.3.2 Improved feed management7.3.3 Animal welfare7.3.4 Antibiotic stewardship7.3.5 Manure management7.3.6 Genetic selection7.3.7 Examples of famous countries7.4 Health management and disease control in livestock7.4.1 Vaccination programs7.4.2 Biosecurity measures7.4.3 Parasite control7.4.4 Nutrition and feed management7.4.5 Monitoring and early detection7.4.6 Quarantine and isolation7.4.7 Examples7.5 Utilization of livestock waste for bioenergy and nutrient recycling7.5.1 Biogas production7.5.2 Composting7.5.3 Nutrient management7.5.4 Vermicomposting7.5.5 Agroforestry and tree planting7.5.6 Examples
Introduction8.1 Key aspects of fisheries and aquaculture8.1.1 Aquaponics8.1.2 Pond aquaculture8.1.3 Nutrient recycling8.1.4 Biodiversity conservation8.1.5 Integrated pest management8.1.6 Livelihood diversification8.2 Sustainable fish farming practices8.2.1 Water quality management8.2.2 Responsible feed management8.2.3 Disease prevention and health management8.2.4 Environmental impact mitigation8.2.5 Responsible aquafeed sourcing8.2.6 Examples8.3 Integrated fish-plant systems and aquaponics8.3.1 Nutrient cycling8.3.2 Water conservation8.3.3 Diversified income8.3.4 Space utilization8.3.5 Environmental sustainability8.4 Conservation of aquatic ecosystems8.4.1 Habitat protection8.4.2 Sustainable fishing practices8.4.3 Ecosystem-based management8.4.4 Biodiversity conservation8.4.5 Water quality management8.5 Value-added fish products and marketing strategies8.5.1 Product diversification8.5.2 Quality and safety assurance8.5.3 Market research and consumer insights8.5.4 Branding and packaging8.5.5 Market channels and distribution8.5.6 Promotion and consumer education8.5.7 Examples
Introduction9.1 Importance9.1.1 Biodiversity conservation9.1.2 Climate regulation9.1.3 Oxygen production9.1.4 Water cycle and watershed protection9.1.5 Economic importance9.1.6 Medicinal resources9.1.7 Cultural and spiritual significance9.1.8 Tourism and recreation9.1.9 Habitat for indigenous communities9.1.10 Erosion control and soil fertility9.2 Countries with sufficient and deficient forest cover9.2.1 Countries with sufficient forest cover9.2.2 Countries with deficient forest cover9.3 Economic development9.3.1 Wood industry9.3.2 Non-timber forest products (NTFPs)9.3.3 Tourism9.3.4 Carbon sequestration9.4 Forestry challenges9.4.1 Deforestation and forest degradation9.4.2 Land degradation9.4.3 Biodiversity loss9.4.4 Lack of awareness9.4.5 Inadequate policy implementation9.4.6 Lack of institutional capacity9.4.7 Climate change9.4.8 Unsustainable logging practices9.4.9 Land-use conflicts9.4.10 Invasive species and pest infestations9.4.11 Weak enforcement9.4.12 Inadequate monitoring and surveillance9.4.13 Lack of research and data9.5 Opportunities and progressExamples by region9.6 Integrated forest management9.6.1 Key principles of integrated forest management9.6.2 Importance of integrated forestry management9.6.3 Examples of integrated forestry management9.6.4 Benefits of integrated forest management
Introduction10.1 Natural resources10.1.1 Water resources10.1.2 Minerals10.1.3 Forests10.1.4 Soil10.1.5 Biodiversity10.1.6 Renewable energy sources10.1.7 Fisheries10.1.8 Geothermal energy10.1.9 Diamonds and gemstones10.1.10 Oceans10.1.11 Air10.1.12 Phosphorus10.1.13 Rare earth elements10.1.14 Freshwater aquifers10.1.15 Platinum group metals10.1.16 Copper10.2 Natural resources of Pakistan10.2.1 Land and soil10.2.2 Water resources10.2.3 Forests and biodiversity10.2.4 Mineral resources10.2.5 Wildlife and protected areas10.2.6 Energy resources10.2.7 Coastal and marine resources10.3 Integrated natural resources management (INRM)10.3.1 Holistic approach10.3.2 Multistakeholder collaboration10.3.3 Adaptive management10.3.4 Monitoring and evaluation10.3.5 Learning and knowledge sharing10.3.6 Experimentation and innovation10.3.7 Flexibility and adaptability10.3.8 Sustainable practices10.3.9 Sustainable agriculture10.3.10 Agroforestry10.3.11 Integrated water management10.3.12 Habitat restoration10.4 Natural resource management (NRM)10.5 Conservation agriculture and NRM10.5.1 Conservation agriculture is connected to NRM10.5.2 Integrated and sustainable biodiversity management10.5.3 Wildlife conservation10.5.4 Pest and disease management10.5.5 Carbon sequestration10.5.6 Integrated and sustainable energy management10.5.7 Integrated economic sustainability management10.5.8 Climate change adaptation and mitigation10.5.9 Sustainable agricultural productivity10.5.10 Environmental protection10.6 Sustainable water resource management10.7 Conservation and management of biodiversity10.8 Energy efficiency and renewable energy in agriculture10.9 Climate-smart agriculture and mitigation strategies

Introduction11.1 Components of integrated soil, water, and environment management11.2 Sustainable soil, water, and environment management11.3 Understanding the intricate interplay: soil, water, and the environment11.4 Strategies for sustainability: enabling sustainable agriculture11.5 Environmental conservation and climate resilience11.6 Forging a sustainable path forward11.7 Soil health and management11.7.1 Understanding soil dynamics: nurturing earth’s lifeblood11.7.2 Soil conservation practices: safeguarding earth’s skin11.7.3 Nutrient management: balancing nature’s account11.7.4 Integrated soil management (ISM)11.8 Water resource management11.8.1 Water scarcity and efficiency: unveiling the drought’s impact11.8.2 Watershed management: sustaining the lifeline11.8.3 Rainwater harvesting: quenching thirst from the skies11.8.4 Integrated water management (IWM)11.9 Environmental conservation and climate resilience11.9.1 Climate-smart agriculture: navigating the changing climate11.9.2 Biodiversity conservation: nature’s unsung allies11.9.3 Circular economy and waste management: closing the loop11.9.4 Integrated environmental management (IEM)
Introduction12.1 Key aspects of cottage industry12.2 Rural development12.3 Cottage industry and its role in rural development12.4 Role of cottage industries in rural economies12.5 Value addition and processing of agricultural products12.6 Rural development policies and programs: enhancing rural prosperity12.6.1 Infrastructure development: paving the path for connectivity and progress12.6.2 Access to finance and credit: empowering rural entrepreneurs12.6.3 Education and skill development: nurturing human capital12.6.4 Women empowerment and social inclusion: inclusive development
Introduction13.1 Technological advancements13.2 Market dynamics13.3 Environmental sustainability13.4 Climate change resilience13.5 Socioeconomic considerations13.6 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)13.6.1 Goal 2: Zero Hunger13.6.2 Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production13.7 Future outlook13.8 Current scenario and future prospects of Pakistan13.9 Analysis of the current state of Pakistan’s agriculture13.10 Identification of key opportunities and potential for growth13.11 Emerging trends and technologies in agriculture13.12 Case studies highlighting successful integrated agriculture models in Pakistan
Introduction14.1 International organizations and agricultural governance14.2 Bilateral and multilateral agreements14.3 Policy frameworks and regulatory mechanisms14.4 Some international policy frameworks and regulatory mechanisms in agriculture14.5 Innovation and technology adoption14.6 Addressing emerging challenges14.7 Some of the institutions and policies of PakistanAn overview of agricultural institutions and organizations in PakistanAgricultural policies and their impact on integrated agricultureGovernment initiatives and support for agricultural developmentInternational collaborations and partnerships in agricultureList of international agriculture research organizations and their headquartersList of some prominent agricultural research organizations in Pakistan

Content preview from Integrated Agriculture

Chapter 3 Agronomy: the foundation of modern agriculture

Introduction

This chapter encapsulates the fundamental role that agronomy plays in the realm of agriculture. Agronomy serves as the cornerstone of agricultural practices by delving into the scientific principles governing crop cultivation, soil management, and sustainable agricultural systems. It forms the basis upon which various agricultural disciplines build, enabling effective and efficient food production. Just as a mother nurtures and guides the growth of her children, agronomy nurtures the growth of crops and the agricultural sector as a whole. Through research, innovation, and practical application, agronomy ensures that the foundation of agriculture remains strong, resilient ...