Preface
Since the concept of “pairing technology” or “digital twin” was first introduced by NASA for the space exploration and aviation industry1,2, we have been on our way towards the digital world. Over the last decade, this digitization progress has been greatly accelerated, thanks to a broad spectrum of research and development (R&D) activities on internet of things (IoT) technologies and applications. According to the latest Cisco Annual Internet Report published in February 2020, the number of networked devices in the world will reach 29.3 billion by 2023, which includes 14.7 billion Machine‐to‐machine (M2M) or IoT devices3. While the joint report by Ovum and Heavy Reading, announced in May 2019, gave a more optimistic number, i.e. 21.5 billion IoT devices by 20234. This explosive growth of IoT devices and connections clearly shows the technical trends and business opportunities of Machine‐type Communications (MTC), such as the Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) scenario specified in 3GPP Release 16 standard5, and the massive MTC (mMTC) scenario based‐on Narrowband IoT (NB‐IoT) technology and endorsed by the latest International Mobile Telecommunications‐2020 (IMT‐2020) 5G standard. Both IoT and MTC‐focused scenarios have been widely recognized and welcomed by different industry verticals. For examples, sensor devices for medical and health monitoring applications are usually light, reliable, energy efficient, wearable, or even implantable. Camera devices ...
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