Chapter 1
Tools of the Trade
To understand markets in a logical and objective manner, it is important to employ tools from mathematics and statistics in an appropriate way to unearth relevant patterns. This chapter highlights some of the basic tools used by practitioners to understand the volumes of data produced on a daily basis by financial markets. The tools described here allow an understanding of data in relatively simple terms and help forecast the direction of seemingly random series. The focus here is on the intuition behind mathematical tools rather than a deep dive into the formulas. Often finance books and academic papers rely on complex mathematical models to explain market behavior. As markets are constantly evolving, elaborate quantitative constructs can rapidly become irrelevant and provide false signals about market movements.
The frequent failure of complex quantitative models to forecast markets is not intended to discourage market investors from using mathematics; instead, misuse of math is to be avoided. Indeed, mathematics is crucial for objective analysis of market movements and for appropriately controlling risks. Although overuse of mathematics can be a problem, the opposite is just as dangerous. Market participants who only use qualitative assessments to trade markets may be exposed to numerous hidden risks. In the paragraphs to come, we consider some statistical techniques useful in finance, the appropriate situations in which to use them, and their embedded ...
