book

Introduction to Information Technology, 2nd Edition

Name: Introduction to Information Technology, 2nd Edition
Author: ITL Limited ITL Education Solutions Limited
ISBN: 9789332525146

by ITL Limited ITL Education Solutions Limited

January 2012

Beginner

788 pages

24h 52m

English

Pearson Education India

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Cover
Title Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
1. Computer Basics
1.1 Introduction1.1.1 Characteristics of Computers1.2 Evolution of Computers1.3 Generations of Computers1.3.1 First Generation (1940 to 1956): Vacuum Tubes1.3.2 Second Generation (1956 to 1963): Transistors1.3.3 Third Generation (1964 to Early 1970s): Integrated Circuits1.3.4 Fourth Generation (Early 1970s to Till Date): Microprocessors1.3.5 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Artificial Intelligence1.4 Classification of Computers1.4.1 Microcomputers1.4.2 Minicomputers1.4.3 Mainframes1.4.4 Supercomputers1.5 The Computer System1.5.1 Components of a Computer System1.5.2 How Does a Computer Work?1.6 Applications of ComputersLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
2. Computer Organization and Architecture
2.1 Introduction2.2 Central Processing Unit2.2.1 Arithmetic/Logic Unit2.2.2 Registers2.2.3 Control Unit2.2.4 System Bus2.2.5 Main Memory Unit2.2.6 Cache Memory2.3 Communication among Various Units2.3.1 Processor to Memory Communication2.3.2 Processor—I/O Devices Communication2.4 Instruction Format2.5 Instruction Cycle2.6 Instruction Set2.6.1 CISC Architecture2.6.2 RISC Architecture2.6.3 Comparing the CISC with RISC2.7 Inside a Computer2.7.1 Power Supply (SMPS)2.7.2 Motherboard2.7.3 Ports and Interfaces2.7.4 Expansion Cards2.7.5 Ribbon Cables2.7.6 Memory Chips2.7.7 Storage Devices2.7.8 Processors2.8 Data Representation in Computers2.8.1 Types of Number System2.8.2 Conversion between Number Bases2.9 Coding SchemesLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
3. Computer Memory and Storage
3.1 Introduction3.1.1 Memory Representation3.2 Memory Hierarchy3.3 Random Access Memory3.3.1 Types of RAM3.4 Read Only Memory3.4.1 Types of ROM3.5 RAM, ROM and CPU Interaction3.6 Types of Secondary Storage Devices3.7 Magnetic Tape3.7.1 Magnetic Tape Organization3.7.2 Advantages of Magnetic Tapes3.7.3 Disadvantages of Magnetic Tapes3.8 Magnetic Disk3.8.1 Storage Organization of a Magnetic Disk3.8.2 Accessing Data from Magnetic Disk3.9 Types of Magnetic Disks3.9.1 Floppy Disk3.9.2 Hard Disk3.9.3 Zip Disk3.9.4 Advantages of Magnetic Disks3.9.5 Disadvantages of Magnetic Disks3.10 Optical Disk3.10.1 Storage Organization of Optical Disk3.10.2 Access Mechanism of Optical Disk3.11 Types of Optical Disks3.11.1 Compact Disk3.11.2 Digital Versatile Disk3.11.3 Blu-ray Disk3.11.4 Advantages of Optical Disks3.11.5 Disadvantages of Optical Disks3.12 Magneto-optical Storage Devices3.12.1 Basics of MO Reading3.12.2 Basics of MO Recording3.13 Universal Serial Bus3.13.1 Pen Drive3.13.2 External Hard Disk Drive3.14 Memory Stick3.15 Mass Storage DevicesLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
4. Input Output Media
4.1 Introduction4.1.1 Importance of Input/Output Devices4.2 Types of Input Devices4.2.1 Keyboard4.2.2 Pointing Devices4.2.3 Speech Recognition4.2.4 Digital Camera4.2.5 Webcam4.2.6 Scanners4.2.7 Optical Character Recognition4.2.8 Optical Mark Recognition4.2.9 Magnetic-ink Character Recognition4.2.10 Bar Code Reader4.3 Types of Output Devices4.3.1 Printers4.3.2 Plotters4.3.3 Computer Output Microfilm4.3.4 Monitor4.3.5 Voice Response System4.3.6 Projector4.3.7 Electronic Whiteboard4.3.8 Headphone and Headset4.4 Computer TerminalsLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
5. Operating System
5.1 Introduction5.2 Operating System: Definition5.3 Evolution of Operating System5.4 Types of Operating Systems5.5 Functions of an Operating System5.5.1 Process Management5.5.2 Memory Management5.5.3 File Management5.5.4 Device Management5.5.5 Security Management5.5.6 User InterfaceLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers

6. Microsoft Windows XP
6.1 Introduction6.2 Features of Windows XP6.3 Starting Windows XP Professional6.4 The Desktop6.4.1 Taskbar6.4.2 Customizing Taskbar6.4.3 Desktop Icons6.4.4 Customizing the Desktop6.5 My Computer6.6 Working with Files and Folders6.6.1 Recycle Bin6.7 Windows Explorer6.8 Windows Help and Support Centre6.9 Searching in Windows XP6.10 System Utilities in Windows XP6.11 Control Panel6.12 Windows Accessories6.12.1 Calculator6.12.2 Notepad6.12.3 PaintLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
7. Overview of Microsoft Windows 7
7.1 Introduction7.2 Different Editions of Windows 77.3 New Style of Windows 77.3.1 Aero Themes7.3.2 Gadgets7.3.3 Taskbar7.3.4 Start Menu7.3.5 Aero Effects7.3.6 Jump Lists7.4 Windows 7 AccessoriesLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
8. Information Technology Basics
8.1 Introduction8.2 Information8.2.1 Prerequisites of Information8.2.2 Need for Information8.3 Technology8.4 Information Technology8.4.1 Components of Information Technology8.5 Present Scenario8.6 Role of Information Technology8.6.1 Information Technology in Business8.6.2 Information Technology in Manufacturing8.6.3 Information Technology in Mobile Computing8.6.4 Information Technology in Public Sector8.6.5 Information Technology in Defence Services8.6.6 Information Technology in Media8.6.7 Information Technology in Education8.6.8 Information Technology in Publication8.7 Information Technology and the Internet8.8 Careers in the IT IndustryLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
9. Multimedia Essentials
9.1 Introduction9.2 Multimedia: Definition9.3 Building Blocks of Multimedia9.3.1 Text9.3.2 Graphics9.3.3 Audio9.3.4 Video9.3.5 Animation9.4 Multimedia System9.4.1 Desirable Features of Multimedia System9.4.2 Data Compression9.5 Multimedia Applications9.5.1 Multimedia and Education9.5.2 Multimedia and Entertainment9.5.3 Multimedia and Training9.5.4 Multimedia and Business9.5.5 Multimedia Interactive Kiosks9.6 Virtual Reality9.6.1 Characteristics of Virtual RealityLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
10. Computer Programming and Languages
10.1 Introduction10.1.1 Developing a Program10.1.2 Program Development Cycle10.2 Algorithm10.3 Flowchart10.3.1 Flowchart Symbols10.3.2 Guidelines for Preparing Flowcharts10.3.3 Benefits of Flowcharts10.3.4 Limitations of Flowcharts10.4 Decision Tables10.4.1 Steps to Develop a Decision Table10.4.2 Benefits of Decision Tables10.4.3 Limitations of Decision Tables10.5 Pseudocode10.5.1 Pseudocode Guidelines10.5.2 Benefits of Pseudocode10.5.3 Limitations of Pseudocode10.6 Program Control Structures10.6.1 Sequence Control Structure10.6.2 Selection Control Structure10.6.3 Repetition Control Structure10.7 Programming Paradigms10.7.1 Unstructured Programming10.7.2 Structured Programming10.7.3 Object-oriented Programming10.8 Characteristics of a Good Program10.9 Programming Languages10.9.1 Types of Programming Languages10.10 Generations of Programming Languages10.10.1 First Generation: Machine Language10.10.2 Second Generation: Assembly Language10.10.3 Third Generation: High-level Language10.10.4 Fourth Generation10.10.5 Fifth Generation: Very High-level Languages10.11 Features of a Good Programming LanguageLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
11. Computer Software
11.1 Introduction11.2 Software: Definition11.2.1 Relationship between Software and Hardware11.3 Categories of Software11.3.1 System Software11.3.2 Application Software11.4 Installing and Uninstalling Software11.5 Software Piracy11.5.1 Types of Software Piracy11.5.2 Preventing Software Piracy11.6 Software TerminologiesLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
12. Introduction to Microsoft Office 2007
12.1 Introduction12.2 Introduction to Office 2007 User Interface12.3 Microsoft Office Applications12.3.1 Microsoft Office Word 200712.3.2 Microsoft Office Excel 200712.3.3 Microsoft Office Access 200712.3.4 Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007Let Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
13. Microsoft Office Word 2003
13.1 Introduction13.2 Starting Microsoft Office Word 200313.2.1 Microsoft Word Environment13.2.2 Getting Help13.3 Working with Word 2003 Documents13.3.1 Creating a New Document13.3.2 Opening an Existing Document13.3.3 Saving a Document13.3.4 Closing a Document and Exiting Microsoft Word13.4 Working with Text13.4.1 Inserting Text13.4.2 Selecting Text13.4.3 Formatting the Text13.4.4 Aligning and Indenting Text13.4.5 Formatting Style13.4.6 Format Painter13.4.7 Using Cut, Copy, and Paste in Word13.4.8 Finding and Replacing Text13.4.9 Undo and Redo13.4.10 Bullets and Numbering13.4.11 Header and Footer13.5 Working with Tables13.5.1 Table Properties13.5.2 Moving and Resizing Table13.5.3 Formatting Text in Table13.5.4 Adding and Deleting Rows and Columns13.5.5 Converting Text to Table13.5.6 Converting Table to Text13.6 Checking Spelling and Grammar13.6.1 Using the Auto Spell and Auto Grammar Features13.6.2 Using Spelling and Grammar Dialog Box13.6.3 Using AutoCorrect Options13.6.4 Using Synonyms and Thesaurus13.7 Adding Graphics to Document13.7.1 Pictures13.7.2 Editing a Picture13.7.3 Drawing Objects13.8 Mail Merge13.8.1 Components of a Mail Merge13.8.2 Mail Merge Steps13.9 Printing a Document13.9.1 Setting Page Margins13.9.2 Print Preview13.9.3 Printing the DocumentLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
14. Microsoft Office Excel 2003
14.1 Introduction14.2 Starting Microsoft Office Excel 200314.2.1 Microsoft Excel Environment14.3 Working with Excel Workbook14.3.1 Creating an Excel Workbook14.3.2 Opening an Existing Workbook14.3.3 Saving Workbook14.3.4 Closing a Workbook14.4 Working with Worksheet14.4.1 Entering Data in Cells14.4.2 Navigating through Cells14.4.3 Naming of a Range of Cells14.4.4 Editing a Worksheet14.4.5 Using Cut, Copy, and Paste in Excel14.4.6 Finding and Replacing Cells14.4.7 Undo and Redo14.5 Formulas and Functions14.5.1 Functions14.5.2 Using AutoSum14.5.3 Formulas14.6 Inserting Charts14.6.1 Creating Charts14.6.2 Using Chart Toolbar14.6.3 Saving a Chart14.7 Sorting14.8 Printing in Excel14.8.1 Setting Page Layout14.8.2 Print Preview14.8.3 Printing WorksheetsLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
15. Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2003
15.1 Introduction15.2 Starting Microsoft Office PowerPoint 200315.2.1 Microsoft PowerPoint Environment15.3 Working with PowerPoint 200315.3.1 Creating a New Presentation15.3.2 Opening a Presentation15.3.3 Saving a Presentation15.3.4 Closing a Presentation15.4 Working with Different Views15.5 Designing Presentation15.5.1 Choosing Design Template15.5.2 Using Masters15.5.3 Working with Slides15.5.4 Working with Text15.5.5 Formatting the Text15.5.6 Working with Graphics15.5.7 Adding Multimedia15.5.8 Running Slides15.5.9 Package for CD15.6 Printing in PowerPoint15.6.1 Setting Page Layout15.6.2 Printing PresentationLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
16. Data Communication and Computer Networks
16.1 Introduction16.2 Data Communication16.2.1 Components of Data Communication16.2.2 Data Transmission Mode16.2.3 Analog and Digital Data Transmission16.2.4 Data Communication Measurement16.3 Transmission Media16.3.1 Guided/Wired Media16.3.2 Unguided/Wireless Media16.4 Modulation16.4.1 Amplitude Modulation (AM)16.4.2 Frequency Modulation (FM)16.4.3 Phase Modulation (PM)16.5 Multiplexing16.5.1 Multiplexers16.5.2 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission16.6 Switching16.6.1 Circuit Switching16.6.2 Packet Switching16.6.3 Message Switching16.7 Computer Network16.7.1 Types of Computer Networks16.8 Network Topologies16.8.1 Bus Topology16.8.2 Ring Topology16.8.3 Star Topology16.8.4 Tree Topology16.8.5 Mesh Topology16.9 Communication Protocol16.9.1 The OSI Model16.10 Network DevicesLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
17. The Internet
17.1 Introduction17.2 Evolution of Internet17.3 Basic Internet Terms17.4 Getting Connected to the Internet17.5 Internet Applications17.5.1 Electronic Mail (E-mail)17.5.2 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)17.5.3 Telnet17.5.4 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)17.5.5 Chatting and Instant Messaging17.5.6 Internet Telephony17.5.7 Video Conferencing17.5.8 Commerce through the Internet17.5.9 Newsgroups (Usenet)17.5.10 Mailing Lists (Listserver)17.6 Data Over the Internet17.6.1 Static Component17.6.2 Dynamic ComponentLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
18. Internet Tools
18.1 Introduction18.2 Web Browser18.2.1 Web Browser Features18.2.2 Opening Internet Explorer18.2.3 Internet Explorer Environment18.3 Browsing Internet Using Internet Explorer18.4 Electronic Mail (E-mail)18.4.1 E-mail Address Structure18.4.2 Checking E-mails18.4.3 Sending E-mails18.4.4 E-mail Attachments18.4.5 How E-mail Works18.4.6 Netiquette18.4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of E-mail18.5 E-mail Client18.5.1 Features of E-mail Client18.5.2 Opening Outlook Express18.5.3 Creating an Account18.5.4 Sending E-mails Using Outlook Express18.5.5 Checking E-mails Using Outlook Express18.5.6 Creating Newsgroup Account18.6 Search Engines18.6.1 Searching the Internet18.6.2 Refining the Search18.7 Instant Messaging18.7.1 Features of Messenger18.7.2 Getting Started with Yahoo Messenger18.7.3 Sending Instant Messages18.7.4 Sending FilesLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
19. Computer Security
19.1 Introduction19.2 Computer Security: Definition19.2.1 Security Threats19.3 Malicious Programs19.3.1 Virus19.3.2 Other Destructive Programs19.3.3 Affecting Computer System19.3.4 Protecting Computer System19.4 Cryptography19.4.1 Secret Key Cryptography19.4.2 Public Key Cryptography19.4.3 Hash Function19.5 Digital Signature19.5.1 How Is Digital Signature Used?19.6 Firewall19.6.1 How Firewall Works?19.6.2 Types of Firewall19.7 User Identification and Authentication19.7.1 User Requirements19.7.2 User Possessions19.7.3 Biometric Technique19.8 Data Backup and Recovery19.8.1 Backup Methods19.8.2 Online Backups19.8.3 Recovery Tools19.9 Security Awareness and Policies19.9.1 Awareness19.9.2 Security PolicyLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
20. Database Fundamentals
20.1 Introduction20.1.1 Data versus Information20.2 Database: Definition20.2.1 Basic Database Terms20.3 Logical Data Concepts20.3.1 Entity20.3.2 Attribute20.3.3 Relationship20.4 Physical Data Concepts20.4.1 Sequential Files20.4.2 Direct Files20.4.3 Indexed Sequential Files20.5 Database Management System20.5.1 Need for DBMS20.5.2 Benefits of DBMS20.5.3 Components of a DBMS20.5.4 Database Administrator20.5.5 Database Languages20.5.6 Data Dictionary20.6 DBMS Architecture20.6.1 Data Independence20.7 Database Models20.7.1 Hierarchical Database Model20.7.2 Network Database Model20.7.3 Relational Database Model20.7.4 Object-oriented Database Model20.8 Normalization20.8.1 First Normal Form (1NF)20.8.2 Second Normal Form (2NF)20.8.3 Third Normal Form (3NF)20.9 Types of Databases20.9.1 Centralized Database20.9.2 Distributed Database20.10 Data Warehousing and Data MiningLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
21. Structured Query Language (SQL)
21.1 Introduction21.1.1 Communicating with Database Using SQL21.1.2 Characteristics of SQL21.1.3 Brief History of SQL21.2 Getting Started with SQL21.2.1 Data Types21.2.2 SQL Syntax21.3 DDL Commands21.3.1 CREATE TABLE Command21.3.2 ALTER TABLE Command21.3.3 DROP TABLE Command21.4 DML Commands21.4.1 INSERT Command21.4.2 UPDATE Command21.4.3 DELETE Command21.4.4 SELECT Command21.5 Querying Multiple Tables (SQL Joins)21.5.1 Combining Queries Using UNION21.6 Nesting Select Statements (Subquery)Let Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
22. Microsoft Office Access 2003
22.1 Introduction22.2 Starting Microsoft Office Access 200322.3 Working with Access Database22.3.1 Creating and Saving a Database22.3.2 Opening a Database22.3.3 Closing a Database and Exiting Microsoft Access22.4 Microsoft Access Environment22.5 Working with Tables22.5.1 Creating a Table in Design View22.5.2 Creating a Table Using Wizard22.5.3 Adding, Modifying, and Deleting Records22.5.4 Navigating a Table22.6 Queries22.6.1 Creating a Simple Query Using Wizard22.6.2 Running a Query22.6.3 Sorting Query Results22.6.4 Using SQL in Microsoft Access22.7 Forms22.7.1 Creating a Form Using Wizard22.8 Reports22.8.1 Creating a Report Using WizardLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
23. Current and Future Trends in IT
23.1 Introduction23.2 Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce)23.2.1 Types of E-Commerce23.2.2 Processes in E-Commerce23.2.3 Types of Electronic Payment23.2.4 Advantages of E-Commerce23.2.5 Disadvantages of E-Commerce23.3 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)23.3.1 How EDI Works?23.3.2 EDI Benefits23.3.3 EDI Limitations23.4 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)23.5 Smart Card23.6 Internet Prootcol Television (IPTV)23.7 Blogging23.8 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)23.9 Brain Computer Interface (BCI)23.10 Imminent Technologies23.10.1 Pen Size Computer23.10.2 Napkin PC23.10.3 Roll Top Computer23.10.4 B-membrane PC23.10.5 USB Memory StickLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
24. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
24.1 Introduction24.1.1 What Is Intelligence?24.1.2 Turing Test24.2 Artificial Intelligence: Definition24.2.1 Domain Areas of AI24.2.2 Brief History of AI24.3 Knowledge-based Systems24.3.1 Knowledge Acquisition24.3.2 Knowledge Organization24.3.3 Knowledge Manipulation24.3.4 Knowledge Representation24.4 Searching Techniques24.4.1 Uninformed Search24.4.2 Informed Search24.5 Natural Language Processing (NLP)24.5.1 Uses of NLP24.6 Expert Systems24.6.1 Characteristics of Expert System24.6.2 Applications Areas of Expert System24.6.3 Users in Expert Systems24.6.4 Benefits of Expert Systems24.6.5 Limitations of Expert Systems24.7 Neural Networks24.7.1 Benefits of Neural Networks24.7.2 Applications of Neural Networks24.8 AI LanguagesLet Us SummarizeExercisesAnswers
Acknowledgements
Copyright

Content preview from Introduction to Information Technology, 2nd Edition

Chapter 19 Computer Security

This chapter provides a foundation to understanding computer security. It is defined as technological and managerial procedures applied to the computer systems to ensure the availability, integrity and confidentiality of information against unwanted access, damage, and modification. The chapter begins with a brief overview of computer-related security aspects. It further gives an insight into the malicious programs that affect the computer system. The discussion continues on various techniques (cryptography, digital signature) that play an important role in transmitting data securely over the Internet. Firewall ...

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Students' Guide to Information Technology, 2nd Edition

Publisher Resources

ISBN: 9789332525146

Cloud Computing

Data Engineering

Data Science

AI & ML

Programming Languages

Software Architecture

IT/Ops

Security

Design

Business

Soft Skills

Introduction to Information Technology, 2nd Edition

by ITL Limited ITL Education Solutions Limited

Chapter 19

Computer Security

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