book

Introduction to Storage Area Networks

by Pall Beck Jon Tate Hector Hugo Ibarra, Shanmuganathan Kumaravel, Libor Miklas

January 2018

Beginner

284 pages

8h 31m

English

IBM Redbooks

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December 2017, Ninth Edition
1.1 Networks1.1.1 The importance of communication1.2 Interconnection models1.2.1 The open systems interconnection model1.2.2 Translating the OSI model to the physical world1.3 Storage1.3.1 Storing data1.3.2 Redundant Array of Independent Disks1.4 Storage area networks1.5 Storage area network components1.5.1 Storage area network connectivity1.5.2 Storage area network storage1.5.3 Storage area network servers1.6 The importance of standards or models
2.1 Storage area networks2.1.1 The problem2.1.2 Requirements2.2 Using a storage area network2.2.1 Infrastructure simplification2.2.2 Information lifecycle management2.2.3 Business continuity2.3 Using the storage area network components2.3.1 Storage2.3.2 Storage area network connectivity2.3.3 Servers2.3.4 Putting the components together
3.1 Fibre Channel architecture3.1.1 Small Computer Systems Interface3.1.2 Limitations of the Small Computer System Interface3.1.3 Fibre Channel advantages3.2 Layers3.3 Optical cables3.3.1 Attenuation3.3.2 Maximum power3.3.3 Fiber in the storage area network3.3.4 Dark fiber3.4 Classes of service3.4.1 Class 13.4.2 Class 23.4.3 Class 33.4.4 Class 43.4.5 Class 53.4.6 Class 63.4.7 Class F3.5 Fibre Channel data movement3.5.1 Byte-encoding schemes3.6 Data transport3.6.1 Ordered set3.6.2 Frames3.6.3 Sequences3.6.4 Exchanges3.6.5 In order and out of order3.6.6 Latency3.6.7 Open fiber control3.7 Flow control3.7.1 Buffer to buffer3.7.2 End to end3.7.3 Controlling the flow3.7.4 Performance
4.1 Ethernet4.1.1 Shared media4.1.2 Ethernet frame4.1.3 How Ethernet works4.1.4 Speed and bandwidth4.1.5 10 GbE4.1.6 10 GbE copper versus fiber4.1.7 Virtual local area network4.1.8 Interface virtual local area network operation modes4.1.9 Link aggregation4.1.10 Spanning Tree Protocol4.1.11 Link Layer Discovery Protocol4.1.12 Link Layer Discovery Protocol Type Length Values (LLDP TLVs)4.2 Storage area network IP networking4.2.1 The multiprotocol environment4.2.2 Fibre Channel switching4.2.3 Fibre Channel routing4.2.4 Tunneling4.2.5 Routers and gateways4.2.6 Internet Storage Name Service4.3 Delving deeper into the protocols4.3.1 Fibre Channel over Internet Protocol (FCIP)4.3.2 Internet Fibre Channel Protocol4.3.3 Internet Small Computer System Interface4.3.4 Routing considerations4.3.5 Packet size4.3.6 TCP congestion control4.3.7 Round-trip delay4.4 Multiprotocol solution briefs4.4.1 Dividing a fabric into subfabrics4.4.2 Connecting a remote site over IP4.4.3 Connecting hosts by using Internet Small Computer System Interface
5.1 Fibre Channel topologies5.1.1 Point-to-point topology5.1.2 Arbitrated loop topology5.1.3 Switched fabric topology5.1.4 Single switch topology5.1.5 Cascaded and ring topology5.1.6 Mesh topology5.1.7 Core-edge topology5.1.8 Edge-core-edge topology5.2 Port types5.2.1 Common port types5.2.2 Expansion port types5.2.3 Diagnostic port types5.3 Addressing5.3.1 Worldwide name5.3.2 Tape device worldwide node name and worldwide port name5.3.3 Port address5.3.4 The 24-bit port address5.3.5 Loop address5.3.6 The b-type addressing modes5.3.7 FICON address5.4 Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop protocols5.4.1 Fairness algorithm5.4.2 Loop addressing5.5 Fibre Channel port initialization and fabric services5.5.1 Fabric login (FLOGI)5.5.2 Port login (PLOGI)5.5.3 Process login (PRLI)5.6 Fabric services5.6.1 Management server5.6.2 Time server5.6.3 Simple name server5.6.4 Fabric login server5.6.5 Registered state change notification service5.7 Routing mechanisms5.7.1 Spanning tree5.7.2 Fabric shortest path first5.8 Zoning5.8.1 Hardware zoning5.8.2 Software zoning5.8.3 Logical unit number masking
6.1 The cloud6.1.1 Private and public cloud6.1.2 Cloud computing components6.1.3 Cloud computing models6.2 Virtualization and the cloud6.2.1 Cloud infrastructure virtualization6.2.2 Cloud platforms6.2.3 Storage virtualization6.3 SAN virtualization6.3.1 IBM b-type Virtual Fabrics6.3.2 Cisco virtual storage area network6.3.3 N_Port ID Virtualization6.4 Building a smarter cloud6.4.1 Automated tiering6.4.2 Thin provisioning6.4.3 Data deduplication6.4.4 New generation management tools6.4.5 Business continuity and disaster recovery6.4.6 Storage on demand

7.1 The environment7.2 Storage area network devices7.2.1 Fibre Channel bridges7.2.2 Arbitrated loop hubs and switched hubs7.2.3 Switches and directors7.2.4 Multiprotocol routing7.2.5 Service modules7.2.6 Multiplexers7.3 Components7.3.1 Application-specific integrated circuit7.3.2 Fibre Channel transmission rates7.3.3 SerDes7.3.4 Backplane and blades7.4 Gigabit transport technology7.4.1 Fibre Channel cabling7.4.2 Transceivers7.4.3 Host bus adapters7.5 Inter-switch links7.5.1 Cascading7.5.2 Hops7.5.3 Fabric shortest path first7.5.4 Non-blocking architecture7.5.5 Latency7.5.6 Oversubscription7.5.7 Congestion7.5.8 Trunking or port-channeling
8.1 Management principles8.1.1 Management types8.1.2 Connecting to storage area network management tools8.1.3 Storage area network fault isolation and troubleshooting8.2 Management interfaces and protocols8.2.1 Storage Networking Industry Association initiative8.2.2 Simple Network Management Protocol8.2.3 Service Location Protocol8.2.4 Vendor-specific mechanisms8.3 Management features8.3.1 Operations8.4 Vendor management applications8.4.1 Storage Networking SAN b-type8.4.2 Cisco8.5 SAN multipathing software
9.1 Security in the storage area network9.2 Security principles9.2.1 Access control9.2.2 Auditing and accounting9.2.3 Data security9.2.4 Securing a fabric9.2.5 Zoning, masking, and binding9.3 Data security9.4 Storage area network encryption9.4.1 Basic encryption definition9.4.2 Data-in-flight9.4.3 Data-at-rest9.4.4 Digital certificates9.4.5 Encryption algorithm9.4.6 Key management considerations and security standards9.4.7 b-type encryption methods9.4.8 Cisco encryption methods9.5 Encryption standards and algorithms9.6 Security common practices
10.1 Introduction10.2 Basic solution principles10.2.1 Connectivity10.2.2 Adding capacity10.2.3 Data movement and copy10.2.4 Upgrading to faster speeds10.3 Infrastructure simplification10.3.1 The origin of the complexity10.3.2 Storage pooling10.3.3 Consolidation10.3.4 Migration to a converged network10.4 Business continuity and disaster recovery10.4.1 Clustering and high availability10.4.2 LAN-free data movement10.4.3 Disaster backup and recovery10.5 Information lifecycle management10.5.1 Information lifecycle management10.5.2 Tiered storage management10.5.3 Long-term data retention10.5.4 Data lifecycle management10.5.5 Policy-based archive management
11.1 Data center constraints11.1.1 Energy flow in the data center11.2 Data center optimization11.2.1 Strategic considerations11.3 Green storage11.3.1 Information lifecycle management11.3.2 Storage consolidation and virtualization11.3.3 On-demand storage provisioning11.3.4 Hierarchical storage and tiering11.3.5 Data compression and data deduplication
12.1 Classification of IBM SAN products12.2 SAN Fibre Channel networking12.3 Entry SAN switches12.3.1 IBM Storage Networking SAN24B-612.3.2 IBM System Networking SAN24B-512.3.3 IBM System Storage SAN24B-4 Express12.3.4 Cisco MDS 9132T 32G Fabric Switch12.4 Mid-range SAN switches12.4.1 Cisco MDS 9396S 16G Multilayer Fabric Switch12.4.2 IBM System Networking SAN96B-512.4.3 IBM Storage Networking SAN64B-612.4.4 IBM System Storage SAN48B-512.4.5 Cisco MDS 9148S 16G Multilayer Fabric Switch for IBM System Storage12.5 Enterprise SAN directors12.5.1 IBM Storage Networking SAN512B-6 and SAN256B-612.5.2 Cisco MDS 9718 Multilayer Director12.5.3 Cisco MDS 9710 Multilayer Director12.5.4 IBM System Storage SAN384B-2 and SAN768B-212.5.5 Cisco MDS 9706 Multilayer Director for IBM System Storage12.6 Extension switches12.6.1 IBM System Storage SAN42B-R12.6.2 Cisco MDS 9250i Multiservice Fabric Switch12.6.3 IBM System Storage SAN06B-R
13.1 The importance of certification13.2 IBM Professional Certification Program13.2.1 About the program13.2.2 Certifications by product13.2.3 Mastery tests13.3 Storage Networking Industry Association certifications13.4 Brocade certification13.5 Cisco certification13.6 Open Group certification
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Content preview from Introduction to Storage Area Networks

Topologies and other fabric services

In this chapter, we introduce Fibre Channel (FC) topologies and other fabric services that are commonly encountered in a storage area network (SAN).

We also provide an insight into the emerging converged topology and the option to merge FC to Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE).

5.1 Fibre Channel topologies

Fibre Channel-based networks support three types of base topologies: point-to-point, arbitrated loop, and switched fabric. A switched fabric is the most commonly encountered topology today and it has subclassifications ...