Java in a Nutshell, 7th Edition

Chapter 4. The Java Type System

In this chapter, we move beyond basic object-oriented programming with classes and into the additional concepts required to work effectively with Java’s type system.

Note

A statically typed language is one in which variables have definite types, and where it is a compile-time error to assign a value of an incompatible type to a variable. Languages that only check type compatibility at runtime are called dynamically typed.

Java is a fairly classic example of a statically typed language. JavaScript is an example of a dynamically typed language that allows any variable to store any type of value.

The Java type system involves not only classes and primitive types, but also other kinds of reference type that are related to the basic concept of a class, but which differ in some way, and are usually treated in a special way by javac or the JVM.

We have already met arrays and classes, two of Java’s most widely used kinds of reference type. This chapter starts by discussing another very important kind of reference type—interfaces. We then move on to discuss Java’s generics, which have a major role to play in Java’s type system. With these topics under our belts, we can discuss the differences between compile-time and runtime types in Java.

To complete the full picture of Java’s reference types, we look at specialized kinds of classes and interfaces—known as enums and annotations. We conclude the chapter by looking at lambda expressions and nested types ...