October 2013
Intermediate to advanced
506 pages
13h 35m
English
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Chapter 4. Internet Addresses
Devices connected to the Internet are called nodes. Nodes that are computers are called hosts. Each node or host is identified by at least one unique number called an Internet address or an IP address. Most current IP addresses are 4-byte-long IPv4 addresses. However, a small but growing number of IP addresses are 16-byte-long IPv6 addresses. (4 and 6 refer to the version of the Internet Protocol, not the number of the bytes in the address.) Both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are ordered sequences of bytes, like an array. They aren’t numbers, and they aren’t ordered in any predictable or useful sense.
An IPv4 address is normally written as four unsigned bytes, each ranging from 0 to 255, with the most significant byte first. Bytes are separated by periods for the convenience of human eyes. For example, the address for login.ibiblio.org is 152.19.134.132. This is called the dotted quad format.
An IPv6 address is normally written as eight blocks of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons. For example, at the time of this writing, the address of www.hamiltonweather.tk is 2400:cb00:2048:0001:0000:0000:6ca2:c665. Leading zeros do not need to be written. Therefore, the address of www.hamiltonweather.tk can be written as 2400:cb00:2048:1:0:0:6ca2:c665. A double colon, at most one of which may appear in any address, indicates multiple zero blocks. For example, the address 2001:4860:4860:0000:0000:0000:0000:8888 can be written more compactly as 2001:4860:4860::8888 ...
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