book

JavaScript® Programmer's Reference

Name: JavaScript® Programmer's Reference
Author: Alexei White
ISBN: 9780470344729

by Alexei White

August 2009

Intermediate to advanced

1030 pages

21h 39m

English

Wrox

Read now

Unlock full access

Copyright
About the Author
Credits
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Who This Book Is ForHow This Book Is StructuredWhat You Need to Use This BookConventionsSource CodeErratap2p.wrox.com
1. Introduction to JavaScript
1.1. JavaScript History1.2. Looking Ahead to ES5 and Harmony1.3. Stages of a JavaScript Developer1.4. Real-World JavaScript1.4.1. In the Browser1.4.2. Server-Side JavaScript1.4.3. ActionScript and Flash1.4.4. Adobe Integrated Runtime (AIR)1.4.5. In Other Adobe Products1.4.6. Desktop Widgets1.5. Complementary Technologies1.5.1. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)1.5.2. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)1.5.3. The Browser Object Model (BOM)1.5.4. The Document Object Model (DOM)1.6. When to Use JavaScript1.7. Major JavaScript Engines1.7.1. ECMAScript Support by Engine1.7.2. General Equivalence1.7.3. Performance in JavaScript Engines1.8. Basic Development Tools1.8.1. Choosing a Text Editor1.8.2. The Web Server1.8.3. The Test Browser1.9. Your First JavaScript Application1.9.1. Breaking it Down1.10. Summary
2. JavaScript in the Browser
2.1. The Document Object Model2.2. The SCRIPT Element2.3. Script Masking2.4. The NOSCRIPT Element2.5. Execution and Load Order2.5.1. Inline Scripts2.5.2. External Scripts2.5.3. Deferred Scripts2.5.4. Event-driven Scripts2.5.5. Dynamically Loaded Scripts2.6. JavaScript in URL's2.7. Cross-Browser Compatibility2.8. Summary
3. JavaScript Basics
3.1. General Characteristics3.1.1. A Dynamic Language3.1.2. A Prototype-Based Language3.1.3. Character Encoding3.1.4. Case Sensitivity3.1.5. Whitespace and Semicolons3.1.6. Literals3.1.6.1. Integer Literals3.1.6.2. Floating-Point Literals3.1.6.3. Boolean Literals3.1.6.4. String Literals3.1.6.4.1. Nesting Quotes3.1.6.4.2. Escaping Carriage Returns3.1.6.4.3. Other Symbols3.1.6.5. Array Literals3.1.6.5.1. Multi-Dimensional Arrays3.1.6.6. Regular Expression Literals3.1.6.7. Object Literals3.1.7. Statements3.1.8. Blocks3.1.9. Closures3.1.10. Comments3.1.11. Reserved Words3.2. Variables3.2.1. Declaring Variables3.2.2. Implicit Declaration3.2.3. Identifiers3.2.4. Weak Typing3.2.5. Memory and Garbage Collection3.3. Data Types3.3.1. Primitive vs. Reference Types3.3.2. Manipulating by Value vs. Reference3.3.3. Null and Undefined3.3.4. Determining Type3.3.5. Type Conversion3.3.5.1. Primitive Type Conversion3.3.5.2. Type Casting3.3.5.3. Composite to Primitive Conversion3.3.6. Primitives vs. Primitive Objects3.4. Summary
4. Expressions, Operators, and Statements
4.1. JavaScript Expressions4.2. JavaScript Operators4.2.1. Types of Operators4.2.2. Comparison Operators4.2.2.1. Numbers and Strings4.2.2.2. Booleans4.2.2.3. Dates4.2.2.4. Objects4.2.2.5. Strict vs Loose Equality4.2.2.6. Backwards Compatibility4.2.3. Assignment Operators4.2.4. Logical Operators4.2.4.1. Short-Circuit Evaluation4.2.4.2. Exceptions to the Rule4.2.5. Bitwise Operators4.2.6. Combinational (Connubial) Operators4.2.7. Other Operator Types4.2.7.1. The Comma (,) Operator4.2.7.2. The Conditional (?:) Operator4.2.7.3. The delete Operator4.2.7.4. The Dot (.) Operator4.2.7.5. The in Operator4.2.7.6. The instanceof Operator4.2.7.7. The new Operator4.2.7.8. The typeof Operator4.2.7.9. The void Operator4.2.8. Operator Precedence and Associativity4.3. JavaScript Statements4.3.1. Conditionals4.3.1.1. if .. else4.3.1.2. switch4.3.2. Loops and Iterators4.3.2.1. for4.3.2.2. for .. in4.3.2.3. for each .. in4.3.2.4. while4.3.2.5. do .. while4.3.2.6. break, label, and continue4.3.3. Function Statements4.3.4. Exception Handling Statements4.3.4.1. throw4.3.4.2. try .. catch .. finally4.3.5. Miscellaneous Statements4.3.5.1. var4.3.5.2. with4.4. Summary
5. Functions
5.1. The Function Object5.2. Declaring Functions5.3. Passing Arguments by Value versus Reference5.4. Return Values5.5. Variable Scope5.6. Overloading5.6.1. Optional Arguments5.6.2. The arguments Object5.6.3. Argument Hashes5.7. Nested Functions5.8. Closures5.8.1. Uses of Closures5.8.1.1. Cleaning up Evaluated Code5.8.1.2. Function Factories5.8.1.3. Simulating Private Methods5.8.2. Closures within Loops5.8.3. Circular References5.8.4. Accidental Closures5.9. Execution Context and Scope5.9.1. Using apply()5.9.2. Using call()5.10. Summary

6. The Global and Object Objects
6.1. Features of the Global Object6.2. The Global Object in the Browser6.3. Getting the Global Object6.4. Global Properties6.5. Global Functions6.5.1. URI Encoding6.5.2. Evaluated Code6.5.2.1. Execution Context6.5.2.2. The Dangers of eval()6.5.3. Numeric Helpers6.6. Global Objects6.7. The Object Object6.7.1. Object Prototypes6.7.2. Determining if a Property Exists6.7.3. valueOf() and toString()6.7.4. Useful Utility Functions for Objects6.7.4.1. Merging Objects6.7.4.2. A Better typeof6.7.4.3. The isType() Functions6.7.4.3.1. isArray()6.7.4.3.2. isBoolean()6.7.4.3.3. isDate()6.7.4.3.4. isFunction()6.7.4.3.5. isNull()6.7.4.3.6. isNumber()6.7.4.3.7. isObject()6.7.4.3.8. isRegex()6.7.4.3.9. isString()6.7.4.3.10. isUndefined()6.8. Summary
7. The String and RegExp Objects
7.1. String Object Overview7.2. String Basics7.2.1. String Literals7.2.2. String Encoding7.2.3. Line Breaks in Strings7.2.4. String Immutability7.2.5. String Length7.2.6. Primitives or Objects7.2.7. Extending the String Object7.2.8. String Concatenation7.2.8.1. A note about Performance7.2.9. Strings and Numbers7.2.10. Converting to Strings7.2.11. Comparing Strings7.2.11.1. Equivalence and Alphabetical Comparison7.2.11.2. Using localeCompare()7.3. Working with Strings7.3.1. The Formatting Methods7.3.1.1. Applying HTML Formatting to Strings7.3.1.2. Custom HTML Tag Formatters7.3.2. Working with Case7.3.2.1. Changing Capitalization7.3.2.2. Capitalizing Words in a String7.3.3. Searching and Replacing7.3.3.1. The indexOf and lastIndexOf Methods7.3.3.1.1. A contains Method7.3.3.2. Regular Expressions7.3.3.2.1. Defining7.3.3.2.2. Special Characters7.3.3.2.3. Repetition7.3.3.2.4. Position7.3.3.2.5. Groupings7.3.3.2.6. Alternatives7.3.3.2.7. Pattern Reuse7.3.3.2.8. The RegExp Object7.3.3.2.9. The Basics7.3.3.2.10. An Improved contains Method7.3.3.2.11. Executing Searches with the RegExp Object7.3.3.2.12. Using the Static Properties7.3.3.3. The search Method7.3.3.4. The match Method7.3.3.5. The replace Method7.3.3.5.1. Replacement Symbols7.3.3.5.2. Extending Replacement Patterns with Functions7.3.3.6. Examples7.3.3.6.1. Encoding RegExp Symbols7.3.3.6.2. Searching Based on User Input7.3.3.6.3. Trimming Whitespace7.3.3.6.4. A Fuzzy String Comparison7.3.3.6.5. Stripping Non-Alphanumeric Characters7.3.3.6.6. Stripping HTML Tags7.3.3.6.7. Encoding HTML Entities7.3.4. Slicing and Dicing7.3.4.1. Extracting Characters7.3.4.2. Cutting Up Strings7.3.4.3. Examples7.3.4.3.1. Emulating Visual Basic's left and right Functions7.3.4.3.2. A shorten Method7.3.5. Strings and Arrays7.3.5.1. Splitting on Regular Expressions7.3.6. Encoding Strings for URL's7.4. Summary
8. The Boolean, Number, and Math Objects
8.1. The Boolean Object8.1.1. Boolean Object Overview8.1.2. Working with Booleans8.1.3. Converting to Boolean8.1.4. Adding XOR to the Boolean Object8.2. The Number Object8.2.1. Number Object Overview8.2.2. Integer and Floating Point Values8.2.3. Number Literals8.2.4. Numbers and Strings8.2.5. Converting to a Number8.2.6. NaN and Infinity8.2.7. Minimum and Maximum Values8.3. The Math Object8.3.1. Math Object Overview8.3.2. Mathematical Constants8.3.3. Math Utility Methods8.3.4. Rounding Numbers8.3.5. Random Numbers8.3.5.1. An Enhanced Random Function8.3.6. Simplifying Repeated Math Calls8.4. Summary
9. The Array and Date Objects
9.1. The Array Object9.1.1. Array Object Overview9.1.2. Creating Arrays9.1.3. Indexed Arrays9.1.4. Multi-dimensional Arrays9.1.5. Detecting Arrays9.1.6. Array Size9.1.7. Iterating over an Array9.2. Adding Elements to an Array9.2.1. Combining Arrays9.2.2. Removing Elements from Arrays9.2.3. Associative Arrays (Hashes)9.2.3.1. Hashes for Caching9.2.4. Arrays as Reference Types9.2.4.1. Copying an Indexed Array9.2.5. Arrays and Strings9.3. The Date Object9.3.1. Date Object Overview9.3.2. Creating Dates9.4. An Overview of World Time9.4.1. Parsing Date Strings9.4.2. Reading and Writing Dates9.4.2.1. Setting and Getting Date and Time Values9.4.2.2. Date Math9.4.2.3. Printing Date Strings9.4.3. Measuring Time Differences9.4.4. Timers and Intervals9.4.4.1. Closures and Timers9.5. Summary
10. Object Oriented Development
10.1. Object Oriented JavaScript10.2. Creating Objects10.3. Deleting Properties and Objects10.4. Objects as Reference Types10.5. Objects as Arrays10.6. Comparing Objects10.7. Object Cloning10.8. Static Members10.9. Constructors10.9.1. The constructor Property10.10. Prototypes10.11. The this Keyword10.12. Private Members10.12.1. Privileged Members10.12.2. Getters and Setters10.13. Inheritance in JavaScript10.13.1. Prototype-Based Subclassing10.13.2. The Problem with Prototypes10.13.3. Alternate Subclassing Approaches10.14. Summary
11. Windows and Frames
11.1. Overview of the Browser Object Model11.2. The window Object11.3. Working with Frames11.3.1. Creating Frames11.3.2. The Frame Object Model11.3.3. Referencing Frames11.4. Manipulating Windows11.4.1. The Status Bar11.4.2. Opening and Closing Windows11.4.2.1. Loading Content into New Windows11.4.2.2. Communicating with Parent Windows11.4.3. Setting Window Location11.4.4. Encoding Strings for URL's11.4.4.1. The escape() and unescape() Methods11.4.4.2. The encodeURI() and decodeURI() Methods11.4.4.3. The encodeURIComponent() and decodeURIComponent() Methods11.4.4.4. URL Length Limits11.4.5. Window History11.4.6. Moving and Resizing11.4.7. Scrolling11.5. Dialogues and Alerts11.6. Obtaining Browser and OS Information11.6.1. Basics of Browser Detection11.6.2. The navigator Object11.6.3. Detecting Language11.6.4. The screen Object11.6.5. A Browser and OS Detection Class11.7. Window Events11.8. Summary
12. Events
12.1. The Basic Event Model12.2. Basic Event Registration12.2.1. The this Keyword12.3. Preventing Default Behavior12.4. Unobtrusive JavaScript12.5. Unobtrusive Event Registration12.5.1. Inspecting Event Listeners12.5.2. The event Object12.5.2.1. Getting the Event Type12.5.2.2. Getting the Target12.5.2.3. Getting the Mouse Button12.5.3. A Cross Browser Event Utility12.6. Event Propagation12.6.1. Capture Mode for IE Mouse Events12.6.2. Default Handlers12.6.3. Preventing Event Propagation12.7. Replicating Events12.8. Common Event Bindings12.8.1. Detecting Keystrokes12.8.2. Mouse Position12.8.3. The scroll Event12.8.4. The resize Event12.8.5. The load and unload Events12.8.6. The domready Event12.8.7. The mouseenter and mouseleave Events12.9. Event Compatibility12.10. Custom Events12.11. Summary
13. The Document Object Model
13.1. The History of the DOM13.1.1. The Legacy Object Model13.1.2. Basic Model Plus Images13.1.3. Navigator 4 Extensions13.1.4. Internet Explorer 4 Extensions13.1.5. Internet Explorer 5 Extensions13.1.6. The W3C DOM13.2. Document Types13.2.1. What Happens in Quirks Mode13.2.2. Checking the DOCTYPE13.3. The Document Tree13.4. Node Types13.5. Node Properties13.6. Node Methods13.7. The implementation Object13.8. Traversing the DOM13.9. Element Attributes13.9.1. Building a DOM Inspector13.10. Finding Specific Elements13.10.1. Element Collections13.10.2. getElementsByName13.10.3. getElementsByTagName13.10.4. getElementById13.10.5. XPath13.11. Creating and Deleting Nodes13.11.1. Adding New Nodes13.11.2. Repaints and Reflows13.11.3. Document Fragments13.11.4. Performance Comparison of Mutators13.11.5. Removing Nodes13.11.6. Swapping Nodes13.12. DOM Ranges13.12.1. Ranges from the DOM13.12.2. Range Boundaries13.12.3. Changing the Content13.12.4. Collapsing the Range13.12.5. User Selection Ranges13.13. Summary
14. Forms
14.1. The Form Object14.2. Form Elements14.3. Basic Form Manipulation14.3.1. Submitting and Resetting Forms14.3.2. Using the onsubmit Event14.3.3. Preventing Submissions on Enter14.3.4. Enabling and Disabling Fields14.3.5. Preventing Double-Submit14.3.6. Setting Focus to Fields14.4. Working with Inputs14.4.1. Buttons14.4.2. Checkboxes14.4.3. Radio Buttons14.4.4. Select and Multiselect14.4.5. Textboxes, Textareas, and Passwords14.4.6. Masking Input14.4.6.1. Automatically Selecting the Text14.4.6.2. Autosizing Textareas14.4.7. Hidden Fields14.4.8. file Input Fields14.5. Rich Text Fields (WYSIWYG)14.6. Summary
15. Cascading Style Sheets
15.1. Overview15.1.1. Embedding CSS in a Document15.1.2. Versions15.1.3. How Styles Cascade15.1.4. CSS and the DOM15.2. styleSheet and Style Objects15.3. Imported Style Sheets15.4. Iterating Over All Stylesheets15.5. Adding and Removing Style Sheets15.6. Iterating over All Rules15.6.1. Searching for a Rule15.7. Reading and Writing Style Properties15.8. Adding and Removing Rules15.9. Computed Styles15.10. IE's filter Object15.11. Summary
16. Dynamic HTML
16.1. The Role of CSS16.2. Window and Document Geometry16.3. Getting Scrollbar Thickness16.4. Element Dimensions16.5. Image Swapping and Rollovers16.5.1. Rollovers and Mouseenter and Mouseleave16.6. Positioning16.6.1. Absolute and Relative Positions16.6.1.1. Absolute Positioning16.6.1.2. Relative Positioning16.6.2. Scripting Z-Index16.6.3. Get the Absolute Position of an Element16.7. Animation16.7.1. Pseudo-Threading with Timers16.7.2. Nonlinear Animation and Tweening16.8. Color and Opacity16.8.1. Color16.8.2. Yellow-Fade16.8.3. Opacity16.8.4. Internet Explorer and 32Bit Images16.9. Modal Dialogues16.10. Form Tooltips16.11. Summary
17. JavaScript Security
17.1. Security Models17.2. Same Origin Policy17.2.1. Exceptions with document.domain17.2.2. Cross-Site Scripting17.2.2.1. DOM-Based XSS17.2.2.2. Persistent and Nonpersistent XSS17.2.2.3. Prevention17.2.3. Cross-Site Request Forgery17.2.4. Piggy-Back Transmissions17.3. Signed Scripts17.3.1. Mozilla Features Requiring Expanded Privileges17.3.2. Signed Scripts in Internet Explorer17.4. Security Policies and Zones17.4.1. Mozilla Security Policies17.4.2. Internet Explorer Security Zones17.5. Miscellaneous Issues17.5.1. New Windows17.5.2. Denial of Service17.5.3. Data Security17.5.4. ActiveX17.5.5. Flash17.5.6. JSON and eval()17.6. Summary
18. Client-Side Data and Persistence
18.1. Methods of Persisting Data18.2. Cookies18.2.1. Creating and Reading Cookies18.2.2. Deleting Cookies18.3. UserData in Internet Explorer18.3.1. Initializing UserData18.3.2. Reading and Writing UserData18.4. W3C DOM Storage18.4.1. Reading and Writing to DOM Storage18.4.2. Using DOM Storage Events18.5. HTML5 Client-Side Database18.5.1. Creating a SQLite Database18.5.2. Reading and Writing SQLite Data18.5.3. The Safari SQLite Database Browser18.6. Flash Local Shared Object18.7. Storage Using window.name18.8. Summary
19. Ajax
19.1. XMLHttpRequest19.1.1. Opening a Connection19.1.2. Request and Response Headers19.2. Security19.2.1. Using GET Requests to Change Data19.3. Cross-Domain Ajax19.3.1. Method Comparison19.3.2. document.domain19.3.3. Server Proxy19.3.4. iFrames19.3.5. Image Injection19.3.6. <SCRIPT> Injection19.3.7. The Flash Approach19.3.8. Cross-Domain XMLHttpRequest19.4. History and Bookmarking19.5. Summary
20. Working with XML
20.1. Loading XML20.1.1. Deserializing Text20.1.2. Loading External XML Documents20.1.2.1. Loading XML Documents Using XMLHttpRequest20.1.3. Handling Errors20.2. Serializing XML to Text20.3. Working with the XML DOM API20.3.1. Elements and Nodes20.3.2. Traversing the DOM20.3.3. Performing XPath Queries20.4. Transforming Data with XSLT20.4.1. Applying XSL Templates20.5. E4X20.6. Summary
21. Working with JSON
21.1. From JavaScript Literals to JSON21.2. Labels and Encoding21.3. JSON as Evaluated Code21.4. Security Issues21.5. JSON versus XML21.6. Serializing Objects to JSON21.6.1. Custom toJSON() Methods21.6.2. Using the Replacer21.7. Loading JSON Data21.7.1. Custom Revivers21.7.2. Handling Errors21.7.3. JSON and Ajax21.8. JSONP21.9. Summary
22. Unique Browser Features
22.1. Accelerators22.2. Canvas22.2.1. Animation22.3. Conditional Compilation22.4. CSS Transforms22.5. Geolocation22.5.1. Detecting Support22.5.2. Getting the Coordinates22.6. Google Gears22.6.1. Detecting and Installing Gears22.6.2. Using Database22.6.3. Using Geolocation22.6.4. Using WorkerPool22.7. Search Providers22.8. Vector Markup Language22.9. Web Workers22.9.1. Terminating a Worker22.10. Summary
23. Scripting Plugins
23.1. Java Applets23.2. Flash Movies23.2.1. Setting up your Flash Movie23.2.2. Embedding with SWFObject23.2.3. Accessing Methods and Properties23.3. Silverlight Movies23.3.1. Setting up a Silverlight Application23.3.2. Embedding a Silverlight Movie with JavaScript23.3.3. Introduction to RegisterScriptableObject23.3.4. JavaScript and Silverlight Communication23.4. QuickTime23.4.1. Detecting QuickTime23.4.2. Embedding QuickTime Movies23.4.3. Controlling Movies from JavaScript23.4.4. Movie Events23.5. Summary
24. Debugging
24.1. Types of Errors24.2. Error Object Overview24.3. Throwing Errors24.4. Error Handlers24.5. Getting the Stack Trace24.6. Debugging Tools24.6.1. Firebug for Firefox24.6.1.1. Breakpoints and the Console Log24.6.2. Firebug Lite24.6.3. Internet Explorer Developer Toolbar24.6.4. Dragonfly for Opera24.6.5. Fiddler24.6.6. Charles Proxy Debugger24.6.7. Safari Web Inspector24.7. Testing24.8. Summary
25. Performance Tuning
25.1. Reducing Page Weight25.1.1. Post-loading JavaScript25.1.2. Cacheing25.1.3. Spriting25.1.4. JavaScript Minification and Concatenation25.1.5. gZip Compression25.1.6. Content Delivery Networks25.2. Code Profiling25.2.1. Profiling with Firebug25.2.2. The IE8 JScript Profiler25.2.3. Getting the 'Big Picture' with YSlow25.3. Code Optimization25.3.1. Delete Unused Objects25.3.2. Avoid Evaluated Code25.3.3. Local versus Global Variable Lookup25.3.4. Object and Function Pointers25.3.5. Avoid the with Statement25.3.6. Avoid try . . . catch in Repeated Operations25.3.7. Repeated for in Loops25.3.8. Tune Your Loops25.4. DHTML Optimization25.4.1. Repaints and Reflows25.4.2. Changing Hidden Elements25.4.3. Grouping DOM Changes25.4.4. Grouping Style Changes25.4.5. Measuring Elements25.4.6. Using Document Fragments25.4.7. Threading for Long-Running Tasks25.5. Summary
A. Core JavaScript Language
A.1. JavaScript OperatorsA.1.1. ArithmeticA.1.1.1. % (Modulus / Remainder)A.1.1.1.1. SyntaxA.1.1.1.2. DescriptionA.1.1.1.3. ExampleA.1.1.2. * (Multiplication)A.1.1.2.1. SyntaxA.1.1.2.2. DescriptionA.1.1.2.3. ExampleA.1.1.3. + (Addition)A.1.1.3.1. SyntaxA.1.1.3.2. DescriptionA.1.1.3.3. ExampleA.1.1.4. ++ (Increment)A.1.1.4.1. SyntaxA.1.1.4.2. DescriptionA.1.1.4.3. ExampleA.1.1.5. − (Subtraction)A.1.1.5.1. SyntaxA.1.1.5.2. DescriptionA.1.1.5.3. ExampleA.1.1.6. - (Unary negation)A.1.1.6.1. SyntaxA.1.1.6.2. DescriptionA.1.1.6.3. ExampleA.1.1.7. -- (Decrement)A.1.1.7.1. SyntaxA.1.1.7.2. DescriptionA.1.1.7.3. ExampleA.1.1.8. / (Division)A.1.1.8.1. SyntaxA.1.1.8.2. DescriptionA.1.1.8.3. ExampleA.1.2. AssignmentA.1.2.1. %= (Modulus Assignment)A.1.2.1.1. SyntaxA.1.2.1.2. DescriptionA.1.2.1.3. ExampleA.1.2.2. &= (Bitwise AND Assignment)A.1.2.2.1. SyntaxA.1.2.2.2. DescriptionA.1.2.2.3. ExampleA.1.2.3. *= (Multiplication Assignment)A.1.2.3.1. SyntaxA.1.2.3.2. DescriptionA.1.2.3.3. ExampleA.1.2.4. += (Addition Assignment)A.1.2.4.1. SyntaxA.1.2.4.2. DescriptionA.1.2.4.3. ExampleA.1.2.5. −= (Subtraction Assignment)A.1.2.5.1. SyntaxA.1.2.5.2. DescriptionA.1.2.5.3. ExampleA.1.2.6. /= (Division Assignment)A.1.2.6.1. SyntaxA.1.2.6.2. DescriptionA.1.2.6.3. ExampleA.1.2.7. <<= (Shift Left Assignment)A.1.2.7.1. SyntaxA.1.2.7.2. DescriptionA.1.2.7.3. ExampleA.1.2.8. = (Assignment)A.1.2.8.1. SyntaxA.1.2.8.2. DescriptionA.1.2.8.3. ExampleA.1.2.9. >>= (Shift Right with Sign Assignment)A.1.2.9.1. SyntaxA.1.2.9.2. DescriptionA.1.2.9.3. ExampleA.1.2.10. >>>= (Shift Right Zero Fill Assignment)A.1.2.10.1. SyntaxA.1.2.10.2. DescriptionA.1.2.10.3. ExampleA.1.2.11. ^= (Bitwise Exclusive OR Assignment)A.1.2.11.1. SyntaxA.1.2.11.2. DescriptionA.1.2.11.3. ExampleA.1.2.12. |= (Bitwise OR Assignment)A.1.2.12.1. SyntaxA.1.2.12.2. DescriptionA.1.2.12.3. ExampleA.1.3. BitwiseA.1.3.1. & (Bitwise AND)A.1.3.1.1. SyntaxA.1.3.1.2. DescriptionA.1.3.1.3. ExampleA.1.3.2. << (Shift Left)A.1.3.2.1. SyntaxA.1.3.2.2. DescriptionA.1.3.2.3. ExampleA.1.3.3. >> (Shift Right with Sign)A.1.3.3.1. SyntaxA.1.3.3.2. DescriptionA.1.3.3.3. ExampleA.1.3.4. >>> (Shift Right Zero Fill)A.1.3.4.1. SyntaxA.1.3.4.2. DescriptionA.1.3.4.3. ExampleA.1.3.5. ^ (Bitwise Exclusive OR)A.1.3.5.1. SyntaxA.1.3.5.2. DescriptionA.1.3.5.3. ExampleA.1.3.6. | (Bitwise OR)A.1.3.6.1. SyntaxA.1.3.6.2. DescriptionA.1.3.6.3. ExampleA.1.3.7. ~ (Bitwise NOT)A.1.3.7.1. SyntaxA.1.3.7.2. DescriptionA.1.3.7.3. ExampleA.1.4. ComparisonA.1.4.1. != (Not Equal)A.1.4.1.1. SyntaxA.1.4.1.2. DescriptionA.1.4.1.3. ExampleA.1.4.2. !== (Not Strict Equal)A.1.4.2.1. SyntaxA.1.4.2.2. DescriptionA.1.4.2.3. ExampleA.1.4.3. < (Less Than)A.1.4.3.1. SyntaxA.1.4.3.2. DescriptionA.1.4.3.3. ExampleA.1.4.4. <= (Less Than or Equal To)A.1.4.4.1. SyntaxA.1.4.4.2. DescriptionA.1.4.4.3. ExampleA.1.4.5. == (Equal)A.1.4.5.1. SyntaxA.1.4.5.2. DescriptionA.1.4.5.3. ExampleA.1.4.6. === (Strict Equal)A.1.4.6.1. SyntaxA.1.4.6.2. DescriptionA.1.4.6.3. ExampleA.1.4.7. > (Greater Than)A.1.4.7.1. SyntaxA.1.4.7.2. DescriptionA.1.4.7.3. ExampleA.1.4.8. >= (Greater Than or Equal)A.1.4.8.1. SyntaxA.1.4.8.2. DescriptionA.1.4.8.3. ExampleA.1.5. LogicalA.1.5.1. ! (Logical NOT)A.1.5.1.1. SyntaxA.1.5.1.2. DescriptionA.1.5.1.3. ExampleA.1.5.2. && (Logical AND)A.1.5.2.1. SyntaxA.1.5.2.2. DescriptionA.1.5.2.3. ExampleA.1.5.3. || (Logical OR)A.1.5.3.1. SyntaxA.1.5.3.2. DescriptionA.1.5.3.3. ExampleA.1.6. StringA.1.6.1. != (Not Equal)A.1.6.1.1. SyntaxA.1.6.1.2. DescriptionA.1.6.1.3. ExampleA.1.6.2. + (Concatenate)A.1.6.2.1. SyntaxA.1.6.2.2. DescriptionA.1.6.2.3. ExampleA.1.6.3. += (Concatenate Assignment)A.1.6.3.1. SyntaxA.1.6.3.2. DescriptionA.1.6.3.3. ExampleA.1.6.4. < (Alphabetical Less Than)A.1.6.4.1. SyntaxA.1.6.4.2. DescriptionA.1.6.4.3. ExampleA.1.6.5. <= (Alphabetical Less Than or Equal To)A.1.6.5.1. SyntaxA.1.6.5.2. DescriptionA.1.6.5.3. ExampleA.1.6.6. == (Equal)A.1.6.6.1. SyntaxA.1.6.6.2. DescriptionA.1.6.6.3. ExampleA.1.6.7. > (Alphabetical Greater Than)A.1.6.7.1. SyntaxA.1.6.7.2. DescriptionA.1.6.7.3. ExampleA.1.6.8. >= (Alphabetical Greater Than or Equal To)A.1.6.8.1. SyntaxA.1.6.8.2. DescriptionA.1.6.8.3. ExampleA.1.7. OtherA.1.7.1. ( ) (Function Call / Invocation)A.1.7.1.1. SyntaxA.1.7.1.2. DescriptionA.1.7.1.3. ExampleA.1.7.2. , (Comma)A.1.7.2.1. SyntaxA.1.7.2.2. DescriptionA.1.7.2.3. ExampleA.1.7.3. . (Dot Operator)A.1.7.3.1. SyntaxA.1.7.3.2. DescriptionA.1.7.3.3. ExampleA.1.7.4. ?: (Conditional)A.1.7.4.1. SyntaxA.1.7.4.2. DescriptionA.1.7.4.3. ExampleA.1.7.5. deleteA.1.7.5.1. SyntaxA.1.7.5.2. DescriptionA.1.7.5.3. ExampleA.1.7.6. getA.1.7.6.1. SyntaxA.1.7.6.2. DescriptionA.1.7.6.3. ExampleA.1.7.7. inA.1.7.7.1. SyntaxA.1.7.7.2. DescriptionA.1.7.7.3. ExampleA.1.7.8. instanceofA.1.7.8.1. SyntaxA.1.7.8.2. DescriptionA.1.7.8.3. ExampleA.1.7.9. newA.1.7.9.1. SyntaxA.1.7.9.2. DescriptionA.1.7.9.3. ExampleA.1.7.10. setA.1.7.10.1. SyntaxA.1.7.10.2. DescriptionA.1.7.10.3. ExampleA.1.7.11. thisA.1.7.11.1. SyntaxA.1.7.11.2. DescriptionA.1.7.11.3. ExampleA.1.7.12. typeofA.1.7.12.1. SyntaxA.1.7.12.2. DescriptionA.1.7.12.3. ExampleA.1.7.13. voidA.1.7.13.1. SyntaxA.1.7.13.2. DescriptionA.1.7.13.3. ExampleA.1.7.14. [ ] (Object and Array Accessor)A.1.7.14.1. SyntaxA.1.7.14.2. DescriptionA.1.7.14.3. ExampleA.2. JavaScript StatementsA.2.1. block { }A.2.1.1. SyntaxA.2.1.2. DescriptionA.2.1.3. ExampleA.2.2. breakA.2.2.1. SyntaxA.2.2.2. DescriptionA.2.2.3. ExampleA.2.3. constA.2.3.1. SyntaxA.2.3.2. DescriptionA.2.3.3. ExampleA.2.4. continueA.2.4.1. SyntaxA.2.4.2. DescriptionA.2.4.3. ExampleA.2.5. do..whileA.2.5.1. SyntaxA.2.5.2. DescriptionA.2.5.3. ExampleA.2.6. exportA.2.6.1. SyntaxA.2.6.2. DescriptionA.2.6.3. ExampleA.2.7. forA.2.7.1. SyntaxA.2.7.2. DescriptionA.2.7.3. ExampleA.2.8. for each..inA.2.8.1. SyntaxA.2.8.2. DescriptionA.2.8.3. ExampleA.2.9. for..inA.2.9.1. SyntaxA.2.9.2. DescriptionA.2.9.3. ExampleA.2.10. functionA.2.10.1. SyntaxA.2.10.2. DescriptionA.2.10.3. ExampleA.2.11. if..elseA.2.11.1. SyntaxA.2.11.2. DescriptionA.2.11.3. ExampleA.2.12. importA.2.12.1. SyntaxA.2.12.2. DescriptionA.2.12.3. ExampleA.2.13. labelA.2.13.1. SyntaxA.2.13.2. DescriptionA.2.13.3. ExampleA.2.14. returnA.2.14.1. SyntaxA.2.14.2. DescriptionA.2.14.3. ExampleA.2.15. switchA.2.15.1. SyntaxA.2.15.2. DescriptionA.2.15.3. ExampleA.2.16. throwA.2.16.1. SyntaxA.2.16.2. DescriptionA.2.16.3. ExampleA.2.17. try..catchA.2.17.1. SyntaxA.2.17.2. DescriptionA.2.17.3. ExampleA.2.18. varA.2.18.1. SyntaxA.2.18.2. DescriptionA.2.18.3. ExampleA.2.19. whileA.2.19.1. SyntaxA.2.19.2. DescriptionA.2.19.3. ExampleA.2.20. withA.2.20.1. SyntaxA.2.20.2. DescriptionA.2.20.3. ExampleA.3. JavaScript CommentsA.3.1. /* */ (Multi-line Comment)A.3.1.1. SyntaxA.3.1.2. DescriptionA.3.2. // (Comment)A.3.2.1. SyntaxA.3.2.2. DescriptionA.3.3. /*@cc_on */ (Conditional Compilation)A.3.3.1. DescriptionA.3.3.2. ExampleA.3.3.3. Conditional Compilation DirectivesA.3.3.3.1. @debugA.3.3.3.2. @positionA.3.3.3.3. SyntaxA.3.3.3.4. ExampleA.3.3.4. Conditional Compilation StatementsA.3.3.5. Conditional Compilation VariablesA.3.3.5.1. Setting Custom Variables
B. JavaScript Global Objects
B.1. ActiveXObjectB.1.1. SyntaxB.1.2. DescriptionB.1.3. ExampleB.2. ArrayB.2.1. SyntaxB.2.2. DescriptionB.2.3. ExampleB.2.4. Array.indexB.2.4.1. SyntaxB.2.4.2. DescriptionB.2.4.3. ExampleB.2.5. Array.inputB.2.5.1. SyntaxB.2.5.2. DescriptionB.2.5.3. ExampleB.2.6. Array.lengthB.2.6.1. SyntaxB.2.6.2. DescriptionB.2.6.3. ExampleB.2.7. Array.prototypeB.2.7.1. SyntaxB.2.7.2. DescriptionB.2.7.3. ExampleB.2.7.4. Array.concat(element0, ..., elementN)B.2.7.5. SyntaxB.2.7.6. DescriptionB.2.7.7. ExampleB.2.8. Array.every(callback [, thisObject])B.2.8.1. SyntaxB.2.8.2. DescriptionB.2.8.3. ExampleB.2.9. Array.filter(callback [, thisObject])B.2.9.1. SyntaxB.2.9.2. DescriptionB.2.9.3. ExampleB.2.10. Array.forEach(callback [, thisObject])B.2.10.1. SyntaxB.2.10.2. DescriptionB.2.10.3. ExampleB.2.11. Array.indexOf()B.2.11.1. SyntaxB.2.11.2. DescriptionB.2.11.3. ExampleB.2.12. Array.join(separator)B.2.12.1. SyntaxB.2.12.2. DescriptionB.2.12.3. ExampleB.2.13. Array.lastIndexOf(searchElement [, fromIndex])B.2.13.1. SyntaxB.2.13.2. DescriptionB.2.13.3. ExampleB.2.14. Array.map(callback [, thisObject])B.2.14.1. SyntaxB.2.14.2. DescriptionB.2.14.3. ExampleB.2.15. Array.pop()B.2.15.1. SyntaxB.2.15.2. DescriptionB.2.15.3. ExampleB.2.16. Array.push()B.2.16.1. SyntaxB.2.16.2. DescriptionB.2.16.3. ExampleB.2.17. Array.reduce(callback [, initialValue])B.2.17.1. SyntaxB.2.17.2. DescriptionB.2.17.3. ExampleB.2.18. Array.reduceRight(callback [, initialValue])B.2.18.1. SyntaxB.2.18.2. DescriptionB.2.18.3. ExampleB.2.19. Array.reverse()B.2.19.1. SyntaxB.2.19.2. DescriptionB.2.19.3. ExampleB.2.20. Array.shift()B.2.20.1. SyntaxB.2.20.2. DescriptionB.2.20.3. ExampleB.2.21. Array.slice(beginIndex [,endIndex])B.2.21.1. SyntaxB.2.21.2. DescriptionB.2.21.3. ExampleB.2.22. Array.some(callback [, thisObject])B.2.22.1. SyntaxB.2.22.2. DescriptionB.2.22.3. ExampleB.2.23. Array.sort()B.2.23.1. SyntaxB.2.23.2. DescriptionB.2.23.3. ExampleB.2.24. Array.splice(index, deleteCount, [element0,..., elementN])B.2.24.1. SyntaxB.2.24.2. DescriptionB.2.24.3. ExampleB.2.25. Array.toLocaleString()B.2.25.1. SyntaxB.2.25.2. DescriptionB.2.25.3. ExampleB.2.26. Array.toSource()B.2.26.1. SyntaxB.2.26.2. DescriptionB.2.26.3. ExampleB.2.27. Array.toString()B.2.27.1. SyntaxB.2.27.2. DescriptionB.2.27.3. ExampleB.2.28. Array.unshift()B.2.28.1. SyntaxB.2.28.2. DescriptionB.2.28.3. ExampleB.2.29. Array.valueOf()B.2.29.1. SyntaxB.2.29.2. DescriptionB.2.29.3. ExampleB.2.30. BooleanB.2.31. SyntaxB.2.32. DescriptionB.2.33. ExampleB.2.34. Boolean.toJSON()B.2.34.1. SyntaxB.2.34.2. DescriptionB.2.34.3. ExampleB.2.35. Boolean.toSource()B.2.35.1. SyntaxB.2.35.2. DescriptionB.2.35.3. ExampleB.2.36. Boolean.toString()B.2.36.1. SyntaxB.2.36.2. DescriptionB.2.36.3. ExampleB.2.37. Boolean.valueOf()B.2.37.1. SyntaxB.2.37.2. DescriptionB.2.37.3. ExampleB.3. DateB.3.1. SyntaxB.3.2. DescriptionB.3.3. ExampleB.3.4. Date.getDate()B.3.4.1. SyntaxB.3.4.2. DescriptionB.3.4.3. ExampleB.3.5. Date.getDay()B.3.5.1. SyntaxB.3.5.2. DescriptionB.3.5.3. ExampleB.3.6. Date.getFullYear()B.3.6.1. SyntaxB.3.6.2. DescriptionB.3.6.3. ExampleB.3.7. Date.getHours()B.3.7.1. SyntaxB.3.7.2. DescriptionB.3.7.3. ExampleB.3.8. Date.getMilliseconds()B.3.8.1. SyntaxB.3.8.2. DescriptionB.3.8.3. ExampleB.3.9. Date.getMinutes()B.3.9.1. SyntaxB.3.9.2. DescriptionB.3.9.3. ExampleB.3.10. Date.getMonth()B.3.10.1. SyntaxB.3.10.2. DescriptionB.3.10.3. ExampleB.3.11. Date.getSeconds()B.3.11.1. SyntaxB.3.11.2. DescriptionB.3.11.3. ExampleB.3.12. Date.getTime()B.3.12.1. SyntaxB.3.12.2. DescriptionB.3.12.3. ExampleB.3.13. Date.getTimezoneOffset()B.3.13.1. SyntaxB.3.13.2. ExampleB.3.14. Date.getUTCDate()B.3.14.1. SyntaxB.3.14.2. DescriptionB.3.14.3. ExampleB.3.15. Date.getUTCDay()B.3.15.1. SyntaxB.3.15.2. DescriptionB.3.15.3. ExampleB.3.16. Date.getUTCFullYear()B.3.16.1. SyntaxB.3.16.2. DescriptionB.3.16.3. ExampleB.3.17. Date.getUTCHours()B.3.17.1. SyntaxB.3.17.2. DescriptionB.3.17.3. ExampleB.3.18. Date.getUTCMilliseconds()B.3.18.1. SyntaxB.3.18.2. DescriptionB.3.18.3. ExampleB.3.19. Date.getUTCMinutes()B.3.19.1. SyntaxB.3.19.2. DescriptionB.3.19.3. ExampleB.3.20. Date.getUTCMonth()B.3.20.1. SyntaxB.3.20.2. DescriptionB.3.20.3. ExampleB.3.21. Date.getUTCSeconds()B.3.21.1. SyntaxB.3.21.2. DescriptionB.3.21.3. ExampleB.3.22. Date.getYear()B.3.22.1. SyntaxB.3.22.2. DescriptionB.3.22.3. ExampleB.3.23. Date.now()B.3.23.1. SyntaxB.3.23.2. DescriptionB.3.23.3. ExampleB.3.24. Date.parse(datestring)B.3.24.1. SyntaxB.3.24.2. DescriptionB.3.24.3. ExampleB.3.25. Date.setDate(day)B.3.25.1. SyntaxB.3.25.2. DescriptionB.3.25.3. ExampleB.3.26. Date.setFullYear(year)B.3.26.1. SyntaxB.3.26.2. DescriptionB.3.26.3. ExampleB.3.27. Date.setHours()B.3.27.1. SyntaxB.3.27.2. DescriptionB.3.27.3. ExampleB.3.28. Date.setMilliseconds(millisecondsVal)B.3.28.1. SyntaxB.3.28.2. DescriptionB.3.28.3. ExampleB.3.29. Date.setMinutes(minutesVal)B.3.29.1. SyntaxB.3.29.2. DescriptionB.3.29.3. ExampleB.3.30. Date.setMonth(monthValue)B.3.30.1. SyntaxB.3.30.2. DescriptionB.3.30.3. ExampleB.3.31. Date.setSeconds(secondsVal)B.3.31.1. SyntaxB.3.31.2. DescriptionB.3.31.3. ExampleB.3.32. Date.setTime(msValue)B.3.32.1. SyntaxB.3.32.2. DescriptionB.3.32.3. ExampleB.3.33. Date.setUTCDate(dayOfMonth)B.3.33.1. SyntaxB.3.33.2. DescriptionB.3.33.3. ExampleB.3.34. Date.setUTCFullYear(yearVal)B.3.34.1. SyntaxB.3.34.2. DescriptionB.3.34.3. ExampleB.3.35. Date.setUTCHours(hoursVal)B.3.35.1. SyntaxB.3.35.2. DescriptionB.3.35.3. ExampleB.3.36. Date.setUTCMilliseconds(msValue)B.3.36.1. SyntaxB.3.36.2. DescriptionB.3.36.3. ExampleB.3.37. Date.setUTCMinutes(minVal)B.3.37.1. SyntaxB.3.37.2. DescriptionB.3.37.3. ExampleB.3.38. Date.setUTCMonth(monthVal)B.3.38.1. SyntaxB.3.38.2. DescriptionB.3.38.3. ExampleB.3.39. Date.setUTCSeconds(secVal)B.3.39.1. SyntaxB.3.39.2. DescriptionB.3.39.3. ExampleB.3.40. Date.setYear(yearVal)B.3.40.1. SyntaxB.3.40.2. DescriptionB.3.40.3. ExampleB.3.41. Date.toDateString()B.3.41.1. SyntaxB.3.41.2. DescriptionB.3.41.3. ExampleB.3.42. Date.toGMTString()B.3.42.1. SyntaxB.3.42.2. DescriptionB.3.42.3. ExampleB.3.43. Date.toJSON()B.3.43.1. SyntaxB.3.43.2. DescriptionB.3.43.3. ExampleB.3.44. Date.toLocaleDateString()B.3.44.1. SyntaxB.3.44.2. DescriptionB.3.44.3. ExampleB.3.45. Date.toLocaleFormat(stringFormat)B.3.45.1. SyntaxB.3.45.2. DescriptionB.3.45.3. ExampleB.3.46. Date.toLocaleString()B.3.46.1. SyntaxB.3.46.2. DescriptionB.3.46.3. ExampleB.3.47. Date.toLocaleTimeString()B.3.47.1. SyntaxB.3.47.2. DescriptionB.3.47.3. ExampleB.3.48. Date.toSource()B.3.48.1. SyntaxB.3.48.2. DescriptionB.3.48.3. ExampleB.3.49. Date.toString()B.3.49.1. SyntaxB.3.49.2. DescriptionB.3.49.3. ExampleB.3.50. Date.toTimeString()B.3.50.1. SyntaxB.3.50.2. DescriptionB.3.50.3. ExampleB.3.51. Date.toUTCString()B.3.51.1. SyntaxB.3.51.2. DescriptionB.3.51.3. ExampleB.3.52. Date.UTC()B.3.52.1. SyntaxB.3.52.2. DescriptionB.3.52.3. ExampleB.3.53. Date.valueOf()B.3.53.1. SyntaxB.3.53.2. DescriptionB.3.53.3. ExampleB.4. DebugB.4.1. SyntaxB.4.2. DescriptionB.4.3. ExampleB.5. EnumeratorB.5.1. SyntaxB.5.2. DescriptionB.5.3. ExampleB.6. ErrorB.6.1. SyntaxB.6.2. DescriptionB.6.3. ExampleB.6.4. Error.descriptionB.6.4.1. SyntaxB.6.4.2. DescriptionB.6.4.3. ExampleB.6.5. Error.messageB.6.5.1. SyntaxB.6.5.2. DescriptionB.6.5.3. ExampleB.6.6. Error.nameB.6.6.1. SyntaxB.6.6.2. DescriptionB.6.6.3. ExampleB.6.7. Error.numberB.6.7.1. SyntaxB.6.7.2. DescriptionB.6.7.3. ExampleB.6.8. Error.toSource()B.6.8.1. SyntaxB.6.8.2. DescriptionB.6.8.3. ExampleB.6.9. Error.toString()B.6.9.1. SyntaxB.6.9.2. DescriptionB.6.9.3. ExampleB.7. FunctionB.7.1. SyntaxB.7.2. DescriptionB.7.3. ExampleB.7.4. Function.argumentsB.7.4.1. SyntaxB.7.4.2. DescriptionB.7.4.3. ExampleB.7.5. Function.arityB.7.5.1. SyntaxB.7.5.2. DescriptionB.7.5.3. ExampleB.7.6. Function.calleeB.7.6.1. SyntaxB.7.6.2. DescriptionB.7.6.3. ExampleB.7.7. Function.callerB.7.7.1. SyntaxB.7.7.2. DescriptionB.7.7.3. ExampleB.7.8. Function.lengthB.7.8.1. SyntaxB.7.8.2. DescriptionB.7.8.3. ExampleB.7.9. Function.nameB.7.9.1. SyntaxB.7.9.2. DescriptionB.7.9.3. ExampleB.7.10. Function.apply()B.7.10.1. SyntaxB.7.10.2. DescriptionB.7.10.3. ExampleB.7.11. Function.call()B.7.11.1. SyntaxB.7.11.2. DescriptionB.7.11.3. ExampleB.7.12. Function.toSource()B.7.12.1. SyntaxB.7.12.2. DescriptionB.7.12.3. ExampleB.7.13. Function.toString()B.7.13.1. SyntaxB.7.13.2. DescriptionB.7.13.3. ExampleB.7.14. Function.valueOf()B.7.14.1. SyntaxB.7.14.2. DescriptionB.7.14.3. ExampleB.8. JSONB.8.1. SyntaxB.8.2. DescriptionB.8.3. ExampleB.8.4. JSON.parse(jsonString)B.8.4.1. SyntaxB.8.4.2. DescriptionB.8.4.3. ExampleB.8.5. JSON.stringify()B.8.5.1. SyntaxB.8.5.2. DescriptionB.8.5.3. ExampleB.9. MathB.9.1. SyntaxB.9.2. DescriptionB.9.3. ExampleB.9.4. Math.EB.9.4.1. SyntaxB.9.4.2. DescriptionB.9.4.3. ExampleB.9.5. Math.LN10B.9.5.1. SyntaxB.9.5.2. DescriptionB.9.5.3. ExampleB.9.6. Math.LN2B.9.6.1. SyntaxB.9.6.2. DescriptionB.9.6.3. ExampleB.9.7. Math.LOG10EB.9.7.1. SyntaxB.9.7.2. DescriptionB.9.7.3. ExampleB.9.8. Math.LOG2EB.9.8.1. SyntaxB.9.8.2. DescriptionB.9.8.3. ExampleB.9.9. Math.PIB.9.9.1. SyntaxB.9.9.2. DescriptionB.9.9.3. ExampleB.9.10. Math.SQRT1_2B.9.10.1. SyntaxB.9.10.2. DescriptionB.9.10.3. ExampleB.9.11. Math.SQRT2B.9.11.1. SyntaxB.9.11.2. DescriptionB.9.11.3. ExampleB.9.12. Math.abs(numVal)B.9.12.1. SyntaxB.9.12.2. DescriptionB.9.12.3. ExampleB.9.13. Math.acos(numVal)B.9.13.1. SyntaxB.9.13.2. DescriptionB.9.13.3. ExampleB.9.14. Math.asin(numVal)B.9.14.1. SyntaxB.9.14.2. DescriptionB.9.14.3. ExampleB.9.15. Math.atan(numVal)B.9.15.1. SyntaxB.9.15.2. DescriptionB.9.15.3. ExampleB.9.16. Math.atan2(numVal)B.9.16.1. SyntaxB.9.16.2. DescriptionB.9.16.3. ExampleB.9.17. Math.ceil(numVal)B.9.17.1. SyntaxB.9.17.2. DescriptionB.9.17.3. ExampleB.9.18. Math.cos()B.9.18.1. SyntaxB.9.18.2. DescriptionB.9.18.3. ExampleB.9.19. Math.exp(numVal)B.9.19.1. SyntaxB.9.19.2. DescriptionB.9.19.3. ExampleB.9.20. Math.floor()B.9.20.1. SyntaxB.9.20.2. DescriptionB.9.20.3. ExampleB.9.21. Math.log(numVal)B.9.21.1. SyntaxB.9.21.2. DescriptionB.9.21.3. ExampleB.9.22. Math.max(numVal1[, numVal2[, .., numValN]])B.9.22.1. SyntaxB.9.22.2. DescriptionB.9.22.3. ExampleB.9.23. Math.min(numVal1[, numVal2[, .., numValN]])B.9.23.1. SyntaxB.9.23.2. DescriptionB.9.23.3. ExampleB.9.24. Math.pow(baseVal, expVal)B.9.24.1. SyntaxB.9.24.2. DescriptionB.9.24.3. ExampleB.9.25. Math.random()B.9.25.1. SyntaxB.9.25.2. DescriptionB.9.25.3. ExampleB.9.26. Math.round(numVal)B.9.26.1. SyntaxB.9.26.2. DescriptionB.9.26.3. ExampleB.9.27. Math.sin(numVal)B.9.27.1. SyntaxB.9.27.2. DescriptionB.9.27.3. ExampleB.9.28. Math.sqrt(numVal)B.9.28.1. SyntaxB.9.28.2. DescriptionB.9.28.3. ExampleB.9.29. Math.tan(numVal)B.9.29.1. SyntaxB.9.29.2. DescriptionB.9.29.3. ExampleB.9.30. Math.toSource()B.9.30.1. SyntaxB.9.30.2. DescriptionB.9.30.3. ExampleB.9.31. Math.toString()B.9.31.1. DescriptionB.9.31.2. ExampleB.10. NumberB.10.1. SyntaxB.10.2. DescriptionB.10.3. ExampleB.10.4. Number.MAX_VALUEB.10.4.1. SyntaxB.10.4.2. DescriptionB.10.4.3. ExampleB.10.5. Number.MIN_VALUEB.10.5.1. SyntaxB.10.5.2. DescriptionB.10.5.3. ExampleB.10.6. Number.NaNB.10.6.1. SyntaxB.10.6.2. DescriptionB.10.6.3. ExampleB.10.7. Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITYB.10.7.1. SyntaxB.10.7.2. DescriptionB.10.7.3. ExampleB.10.8. Number.POSITIVE_INFINITYB.10.8.1. SyntaxB.10.8.2. DescriptionB.10.8.3. ExampleB.10.9. Number.prototypeB.10.9.1. SyntaxB.10.9.2. DescriptionB.10.9.3. ExampleB.10.10. Number.toExponential([fractionDigits])B.10.10.1. SyntaxB.10.10.2. DescriptionB.10.10.3. ExampleB.10.11. Number.toFixed([fractionDigits])B.10.11.1. SyntaxB.10.11.2. DescriptionB.10.11.3. ExampleB.10.12. Number.toJSON()B.10.12.1. SyntaxB.10.12.2. DescriptionB.10.12.3. ExampleB.10.13. Number.toLocaleString()B.10.13.1. SyntaxB.10.13.2. DescriptionB.10.13.3. ExampleB.10.14. Number.toPrecision([precision])B.10.14.1. SyntaxB.10.14.2. DescriptionB.10.14.3. ExampleB.10.15. Number.toString([radixbase])B.10.15.1. SyntaxB.10.15.2. DescriptionB.10.15.3. ExampleB.10.16. Number.valueOf()B.10.16.1. SyntaxB.10.16.2. DescriptionB.10.16.3. ExampleB.11. ObjectB.11.1. SyntaxB.11.2. DescriptionB.11.3. ExampleB.11.4. Object.constructorB.11.4.1. SyntaxB.11.4.2. DescriptionB.11.4.3. ExampleB.11.5. Object.prototypeB.11.5.1. SyntaxB.11.5.2. DescriptionB.11.5.3. ExampleB.11.6. Object.__parent__B.11.6.1. SyntaxB.11.6.2. DescriptionB.11.6.3. ExampleB.11.7. Object.__proto__B.11.7.1. SyntaxB.11.7.2. DescriptionB.11.7.3. ExampleB.11.8. Object.eval(codetoeval)B.11.8.1. SyntaxB.11.8.2. DescriptionB.11.8.3. ExampleB.11.9. Object.hasOwnProperty(prop)B.11.9.1. SyntaxB.11.9.2. DescriptionB.11.9.3. ExampleB.11.10. Object.isPrototypeOf()B.11.10.1. SyntaxB.11.10.2. DescriptionB.11.10.3. ExampleB.11.11. Object.propertyIsEnumerable(prop)B.11.11.1. SyntaxB.11.11.2. DescriptionB.11.11.3. ExampleB.11.12. Object.toLocaleString()B.11.12.1. SyntaxB.11.12.2. DescriptionB.11.12.3. ExampleB.11.13. Object.toSource()B.11.13.1. SyntaxB.11.13.2. DescriptionB.11.13.3. ExampleB.11.14. Object.toString()B.11.14.1. SyntaxB.11.14.2. DescriptionB.11.14.3. ExampleB.11.15. Object.unwatch(property)B.11.15.1. DescriptionB.11.15.2. ExampleB.11.16. Object.valueOf()B.11.16.1. SyntaxB.11.16.2. DescriptionB.11.16.3. ExampleB.11.17. Object.watch()B.11.17.1. SyntaxB.11.17.2. DescriptionB.11.17.3. ExampleB.11.18. Object.__defineGetter__(prop, funct)B.11.18.1. SyntaxB.11.18.2. DescriptionB.11.18.3. ExampleB.11.19. Object.__defineSetter__(prop, funct)B.11.19.1. SyntaxB.11.19.2. DescriptionB.11.19.3. ExampleB.11.20. Object.__lookupGetter__(sprop)B.11.20.1. SyntaxB.11.20.2. DescriptionB.11.20.3. ExampleB.11.21. Object.__lookupSetter__(sprop)B.11.21.1. SyntaxB.11.21.2. DescriptionB.11.21.3. ExampleB.11.22. Object.__noSuchMethod__()B.11.22.1. SyntaxB.11.22.2. DescriptionB.11.22.3. ExampleB.12. RegExpB.12.1. SyntaxB.12.2. DescriptionB.12.3. ExampleB.12.4. RegExp.$1..$9B.12.4.1. SyntaxB.12.4.2. DescriptionB.12.4.3. ExampleB.12.5. RegExp.globalB.12.5.1. SyntaxB.12.5.2. DescriptionB.12.5.3. ExampleB.12.6. RegExp.ignoreCaseB.12.6.1. SyntaxB.12.6.2. DescriptionB.12.6.3. ExampleB.12.7. RegExp.indexB.12.7.1. SyntaxB.12.7.2. DescriptionB.12.7.3. ExampleB.12.8. RegExp.inputB.12.8.1. SyntaxB.12.8.2. DescriptionB.12.8.3. ExampleB.12.9. RegExp.lastIndexB.12.9.1. SyntaxB.12.9.2. DescriptionB.12.9.3. ExampleB.12.10. RegExp.lastMatchB.12.10.1. SyntaxB.12.10.2. DescriptionB.12.10.3. ExampleB.12.11. RegExp.lastParenB.12.11.1. SyntaxB.12.11.2. DescriptionB.12.11.3. ExampleB.12.12. RegExp.leftContextB.12.12.1. SyntaxB.12.12.2. DescriptionB.12.12.3. ExampleB.12.13. RegExp.multilineB.12.13.1. SyntaxB.12.13.2. DescriptionB.12.13.3. ExampleB.12.14. RegExp.rightContextB.12.14.1. SyntaxB.12.14.2. DescriptionB.12.14.3. ExampleB.12.15. RegExp.sourceB.12.15.1. SyntaxB.12.15.2. DescriptionB.12.15.3. ExampleB.12.16. RegExp.exec(string)B.12.16.1. SyntaxB.12.16.2. DescriptionB.12.16.3. ExampleB.12.17. RegExp.test(string)B.12.17.1. SyntaxB.12.17.2. DescriptionB.12.17.3. ExampleB.12.18. RegExp.toSource()B.12.18.1. SyntaxB.12.18.2. DescriptionB.12.18.3. ExampleB.12.19. RegExp.toString()B.12.19.1. DescriptionB.12.19.2. ExampleB.13. StringB.13.1. SyntaxB.13.2. DescriptionB.13.3. ExampleB.13.4. String.lengthB.13.4.1. SyntaxB.13.4.2. DescriptionB.13.4.3. ExampleB.13.5. String.prototypeB.13.5.1. SyntaxB.13.5.2. DescriptionB.13.5.3. ExampleB.13.6. String.anchor(anchorString)B.13.6.1. SyntaxB.13.6.2. DescriptionB.13.6.3. ExampleB.13.7. String.big()B.13.7.1. SyntaxB.13.7.2. DescriptionB.13.7.3. ExampleB.13.8. String.blink()B.13.8.1. SyntaxB.13.8.2. DescriptionB.13.8.3. ExampleB.13.9. String.bold()B.13.9.1. SyntaxB.13.9.2. DescriptionB.13.9.3. ExampleB.13.10. String.charAt(pos)B.13.10.1. SyntaxB.13.10.2. DescriptionB.13.10.3. ExampleB.13.11. String.charCodeAt(num)B.13.11.1. SyntaxB.13.11.2. DescriptionB.13.11.3. ExampleB.13.12. String.concat([string2[, string3[, ...]]])B.13.12.1. SyntaxB.13.12.2. DescriptionB.13.12.3. ExampleB.13.13. String.fixed()B.13.13.1. SyntaxB.13.13.2. DescriptionB.13.13.3. ExampleB.13.14. String.fontcolor(colorVal)B.13.14.1. SyntaxB.13.14.2. DescriptionB.13.14.3. ExampleB.13.15. String.fontsize(fSize)B.13.15.1. SyntaxB.13.15.2. DescriptionB.13.15.3. ExampleB.13.16. String.fromCharCode([code1[, code2[, ...]]])B.13.16.1. SyntaxB.13.16.2. DescriptionB.13.16.3. ExampleB.13.17. String.indexOf(string[, num])B.13.17.1. SyntaxB.13.17.2. DescriptionB.13.17.3. ExampleB.13.18. String.italics()B.13.18.1. SyntaxB.13.18.2. DescriptionB.13.18.3. ExampleB.13.19. String.lastIndexOf(substring[, startindex])B.13.19.1. SyntaxB.13.19.2. DescriptionB.13.19.3. ExampleB.13.20. String.link(linkUrl)B.13.20.1. SyntaxB.13.20.2. DescriptionB.13.20.3. ExampleB.13.21. String.localeCompare(strComp)B.13.21.1. SyntaxB.13.21.2. DescriptionB.13.21.3. ExampleB.13.22. String.match(regEx)B.13.22.1. SyntaxB.13.22.2. DescriptionB.13.22.3. ExampleB.13.23. String.quote()B.13.23.1. SyntaxB.13.23.2. DescriptionB.13.23.3. ExampleB.13.24. String.replace(regEx, replaceString)B.13.24.1. SyntaxB.13.24.2. DescriptionB.13.24.3. ExampleB.13.25. String.search(regEx)B.13.25.1. SyntaxB.13.25.2. DescriptionB.13.25.3. ExampleB.13.26. String.slice(start, [end])B.13.26.1. SyntaxB.13.26.2. DescriptionB.13.26.3. ExampleB.13.27. String.small()B.13.27.1. SyntaxB.13.27.2. DescriptionB.13.27.3. ExampleB.13.28. String.split([separatorStr [, limit]])B.13.28.1. SyntaxB.13.28.2. DescriptionB.13.28.3. ExampleB.13.29. String.strike()B.13.29.1. SyntaxB.13.29.2. DescriptionB.13.29.3. ExampleB.13.30. String.sub()B.13.30.1. SyntaxB.13.30.2. DescriptionB.13.30.3. ExampleB.13.31. String.substr(pos [, length])B.13.31.1. SyntaxB.13.31.2. DescriptionB.13.31.3. ExampleB.13.32. String.substring(start [, end])B.13.32.1. DescriptionB.13.32.2. ExampleB.13.33. String.sup()B.13.33.1. SyntaxB.13.33.2. DescriptionB.13.33.3. ExampleB.13.34. String.toJSON()B.13.34.1. SyntaxB.13.34.2. DescriptionB.13.34.3. ExampleB.13.35. String.toLocaleLowerCase()B.13.35.1. SyntaxB.13.35.2. DescriptionB.13.35.3. ExampleB.13.36. String.toLocaleUpperCase()B.13.36.1. SyntaxB.13.36.2. DescriptionB.13.36.3. ExampleB.13.37. String.toLowerCase()B.13.37.1. SyntaxB.13.37.2. DescriptionB.13.37.3. ExampleB.13.38. String.toSource()B.13.38.1. SyntaxB.13.38.2. DescriptionB.13.38.3. ExampleB.13.39. String.toString()B.13.39.1. SyntaxB.13.39.2. DescriptionB.13.39.3. ExampleB.13.40. String.toUpperCase()B.13.40.1. SyntaxB.13.40.2. DescriptionB.13.40.3. ExampleB.13.41. String.valueOf()B.13.41.1. SyntaxB.13.41.2. DescriptionB.13.41.3. ExampleB.14. VBArrayB.14.1. SyntaxB.14.2. DescriptionB.14.3. ExampleB.14.4. VBArray.dimensions()B.14.4.1. SyntaxB.14.4.2. DescriptionB.14.4.3. ExampleB.14.5. VBArray.getItem()B.14.5.1. SyntaxB.14.5.2. DescriptionB.14.5.3. ExampleB.14.6. VBArray.lbound()B.14.6.1. SyntaxB.14.6.2. DescriptionB.14.6.3. ExampleB.14.7. VBArray.toArray()B.14.7.1. SyntaxB.14.7.2. DescriptionB.14.7.3. ExampleB.14.8. VBArray.ubound()B.14.8.1. SyntaxB.14.8.2. DescriptionB.14.8.3. ExampleB.15. XMLHttpRequestB.15.1. SyntaxB.15.2. DescriptionB.15.3. ExampleB.15.4. XMLHttpRequest.onreadystatechangeB.15.4.1. SyntaxB.15.4.2. DescriptionB.15.4.3. ExampleB.15.5. XMLHttpRequest.readyStateB.15.5.1. SyntaxB.15.5.2. DescriptionB.15.5.3. ExampleB.15.6. XMLHttpRequest.responseBodyB.15.6.1. SyntaxB.15.6.2. DescriptionB.15.6.3. ExampleB.15.7. XMLHttpRequest.responseTextB.15.7.1. SyntaxB.15.7.2. DescriptionB.15.7.3. ExampleB.15.8. XMLHttpRequest.responseXMLB.15.8.1. SyntaxB.15.8.2. DescriptionB.15.8.3. ExampleB.15.9. XMLHttpRequest.statusB.15.9.1. SyntaxB.15.9.2. DescriptionB.15.9.3. ExampleB.15.10. XMLHttpRequest.statusTextB.15.10.1. SyntaxB.15.10.2. DescriptionB.15.10.3. ExampleB.15.11. XMLHttpRequest.abort()B.15.11.1. SyntaxB.15.11.2. DescriptionB.15.11.3. ExampleB.15.12. XMLHttpRequest.getAllResponseHeaders()B.15.12.1. SyntaxB.15.12.2. DescriptionB.15.12.3. ExampleB.15.13. XMLHttpRequest.getResponseHeader(headerLabel)B.15.13.1. SyntaxB.15.13.2. DescriptionB.15.13.3. ExampleB.15.14. XMLHttpRequest.open(method, url [, asyncFlag [, userName [, password]]])B.15.14.1. SyntaxB.15.14.2. DescriptionB.15.14.3. ExampleB.15.15. XMLHttpRequest.send(content)B.15.15.1. SyntaxB.15.15.2. DescriptionB.15.15.3. ExampleB.15.16. XMLHttpRequest.setRequestHeader(label, value)B.15.16.1. SyntaxB.15.16.2. DescriptionB.15.16.3. Example
C. JavaScript Global Properties
C.1. InfinityC.1.1. SyntaxC.1.2. DescriptionC.1.3. ExampleC.2. NaNC.2.1. SyntaxC.2.2. DescriptionC.2.3. ExampleC.3. undefinedC.3.1. SyntaxC.3.2. DescriptionC.3.3. Example
D. JavaScript Global Functions
D.1. decodeURI(string)D.1.1. SyntaxD.1.2. DescriptionD.1.3. ExampleD.2. decodeURIComponent(string)D.2.1. SyntaxD.2.2. DescriptionD.2.3. ExampleD.3. encodeURI(string)D.3.1. SyntaxD.3.2. DescriptionD.3.3. ExampleD.4. encodeURIComponent(string)D.4.1. SyntaxD.4.2. DescriptionD.4.3. ExampleD.5. escape(string)D.5.1. SyntaxD.5.2. DescriptionD.5.3. ExampleD.6. eval(string)D.6.1. SyntaxD.6.2. DescriptionD.6.3. ExampleD.7. isFinite(numval)D.7.1. SyntaxD.7.2. DescriptionD.7.3. ExampleD.8. isNaN(numval)D.8.1. SyntaxD.8.2. DescriptionD.8.3. ExampleD.9. parseFloat(string)D.9.1. SyntaxD.9.2. DescriptionD.9.3. ExampleD.10. parseInt(string)D.10.1. SyntaxD.10.2. DescriptionD.10.3. ExampleD.11. unescape(string)D.11.1. SyntaxD.11.2. DescriptionD.11.3. Example
E. Reserved and Special Words
F. Document Object Reference
F.1. Area Object ReferenceF.1.1. PropertiesF.2. Canvas Object ReferenceF.2.1. PropertiesF.2.2. MethodsF.3. cssRule and rule Object ReferenceF.3.1. PropertiesF.4. document Object ReferenceF.4.1. PropertiesF.4.2. MethodsF.4.3. EventsF.4.4. body Object ReferenceF.4.4.1. PropertiesF.4.4.2. MethodsF.4.4.3. EventsF.4.5. TreeWalker ObjectF.4.5.1. PropertiesF.4.5.2. MethodsF.5. Event Object ReferenceF.5.1. PropertiesF.5.2. MethodsF.6. external Object ReferenceF.6.1. PropertiesF.6.2. MethodsF.7. Generic Element ReferenceF.7.1. PropertiesF.7.2. MethodsF.7.3. EventsF.8. History Object ReferenceF.8.1. PropertiesF.8.2. MethodsF.9. HTML Form ReferenceF.9.1. PropertiesF.9.2. MethodsF.9.3. EventsF.9.4. FIELDSET and LEGEND ObjectsF.9.4.1. PropertiesF.9.5. LABEL ObjectF.9.5.1. PropertiesF.9.6. General INPUT ObjectsF.9.6.1. PropertiesF.9.7. BUTTON, SUBMIT and RESET ObjectsF.9.7.1. PropertiesF.9.7.2. MethodsF.9.7.3. EventsF.9.8. CHECKBOX and RADIO ObjectsF.9.8.1. PropertiesF.9.8.2. MethodsF.9.8.3. EventsF.9.9. IMAGE ObjectF.9.9.1. PropertiesF.9.10. TEXT, PASSWORD and HIDDEN ObjectsF.9.10.1. PropertiesF.9.10.2. MethodsF.9.10.3. EventsF.9.11. TEXTAREA ObjectF.9.11.1. PropertiesF.9.11.2. MethodsF.9.11.3. EventsF.9.12. SELECT ObjectF.9.12.1. PropertiesF.9.12.2. MethodsF.9.12.3. EventsF.9.13. FILE ObjectF.9.13.1. PropertiesF.9.13.2. MethodsF.9.13.3. EventsF.10. HTML Table ReferenceF.10.1. PropertiesF.10.2. MethodsF.10.3. tbody, tfoot, and thead Object ReferenceF.10.3.1. PropertiesF.10.3.2. MethodsF.10.4. caption Object ReferenceF.10.4.1. PropertiesF.10.5. col and colgroup Object ReferenceF.10.5.1. PropertiesF.10.6. tr Object ReferenceF.10.6.1. PropertiesF.10.6.2. MethodsF.10.7. td and th Object ReferenceF.10.7.1. PropertiesF.11. Image Object ReferenceF.11.1. PropertiesF.11.2. EventsF.12. Link and Anchor Object ReferenceF.12.1. PropertiesF.13. Location Object ReferenceF.13.1. PropertiesF.13.2. MethodsF.14. Range Object ReferenceF.14.1. PropertiesF.14.2. MethodsF.15. Selection Object ReferenceF.15.1. PropertiesF.15.2. MethodsF.16. Storage Object ReferenceF.16.1. PropertiesF.16.2. MethodsF.16.3. EventsF.17. Style Object ReferenceF.17.1. PropertiesF.18. styleSheet Object ReferenceF.18.1. PropertiesF.18.2. MethodsF.19. TextRange ReferenceF.19.1. PropertiesF.19.2. MethodsF.20. Window Object ReferenceF.20.1. PropertiesF.20.2. MethodsF.20.3. EventsF.20.4. navigatorF.20.4.1. PropertiesF.20.4.2. MethodsF.20.5. screenF.20.5.1. PropertiesF.20.6. FRAME objectF.20.6.1. PropertiesF.20.7. FRAMESET objectF.20.7.1. PropertiesF.20.8. IFRAME objectF.20.8.1. PropertiesF.20.9. POPUP ObjectF.20.9.1. PropertiesF.20.9.2. Methods
G. Resources on the Web
G.1. ReferenceG.2. ToolsG.3. Blogs and Articles

Content preview from JavaScript® Programmer's Reference

Chapter 3. JavaScript Basics

You can't run without walking first. If you've programmed before, you probably won't need to be told what a variable is, and one look at a function declaration and you'll understand what that's all about too. Even if this applies to you, you'll still want to read this chapter because some properties of the language are quite distinct from those of Java, C, Perl, or C#. If you are new to programming or are seeing some of these building block concepts for the first time, not to worry. This chapter introduces all the language fundamentals as straightforwardly as possible. Soon they'll be second nature to you.

General Characteristics

I'll begin our discussion of the language with a broad overview of the most basic characteristics of the language.

A Dynamic Language

A dynamic programming language can execute at runtime behaviors that other languages might perform when they are compiled. Some of these behaviors include extending the program by parsing new source code, modifying objects and classes, or modifying the type system. Dynamic typing, which is when type-checking mainly happens at runtime instead of compile-time, is another related concept (and also something that JavaScript does) but is not necessary for a language to be called dynamic.

Some specific attributes make JavaScript dynamic and also make it extremely flexible. These are:

Eval: An evaluation expression is something that allows us to introduce new source code to the program at runtime. By enclosing ...

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
and much more.

Read now

Unlock full access

More than 5,000 organizations count on O’Reilly

O’Reilly covers everything we've got, with content to help us build a world-class technology community, upgrade the capabilities and competencies of our teams, and improve overall team performance as well as their engagement.

Julian F.

Head of Cybersecurity

I wanted to learn C and C++, but it didn't click for me until I picked up an O'Reilly book. When I went on the O’Reilly platform, I was astonished to find all the books there, plus live events and sandboxes so you could play around with the technology.

Addison B.

Field Engineer

I’ve been on the O’Reilly platform for more than eight years. I use a couple of learning platforms, but I'm on O'Reilly more than anybody else. When you're there, you start learning. I'm never disappointed.

Amir M.

Data Platform Tech Lead

I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.

Mark W.

Embedded Software Engineer

Publisher Resources

ISBN: 9780470344729Purchase book

Cloud Computing

Data Engineering

Data Science

AI & ML

Programming Languages

Software Architecture

IT/Ops

Security

Design