August 2025
Beginner
236 pages
7h 51m
English
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2 |
In 1959, IBM published a paper in the IBM Journal of Research and Development with an intriguing and obscure title. Authored by IBM’s Arthur Samuel, the paper investigated the application of machine learning in the game of checkers “to verify the fact that a computer can be programmed so that it will learn to play a better game of checkers than can be played by the person who wrote the program.” 11

Figure 1: Historical mentions of “machine learning” in published books. Source: Google Ngram Viewer, 2017
Although it wasn’t the first published paper to use the term “machine learning” per se, Arthur Samuel ...
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