Obviously, one of the reasons you are spending all of this time and effort studying the minute details of network infrastructure, besides the fact that it’s fun, is to better provide networking services to users. The most popular applications—World Wide Web, e-mail, Web conferencing, audio and video streaming, file transfers, Voice over IP, and more—all require the configuration of specific components of the TCP/IP suite of protocols.

At the Application layer (Layer 7), protocols like DNS, DHCP, FTP, SSH, HTTP, TLS, SMTP, and more, can be ...

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