Foreword

The purpose of an application is to take input from users or other applications and produce output that will be consumed by those same users or applications or by other ones. That’s true of a website that gains input from a click on a link and sends back the content of the requested page as output; a middle tier that processes database requests queued from a front end, executing them by sending input to a database; or a cloud service that gets input from a mobile application to look up nearby friends. Given this, a fundamental question faced in the design of every application is, Who is sending the input and should the application process it to produce the resulting output? Put another way: every application must decide on an identity ...

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