Appendix

Chapter 1, Artificial Neural Network Fundamentals

  1. What are the various layers in a neural network?

Input, hidden, and output.

  1. What is the output of feedforward propagation?

Predictions that help in calculating the loss value.

  1. How is the loss function of a continuous dependent variable different from that of a binary dependent variable or a categorical dependent variable?

Mean squared error (MSE) is the generally used loss function for continuous dependent variables, and binary cross-entropy is generally used for binary dependent variables. Categorical cross-entropy is used for categorical dependent variables.

  1. What is stochastic gradient descent?

It is the process of reducing loss by adjusting weights in the direction of decreasing ...

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