book

Modern Diagnostic X-Ray Sources, 2nd Edition

Name: Modern Diagnostic X-Ray Sources, 2nd Edition
Author: Rolf Behling
ISBN: 9781000376166

by Rolf Behling

April 2021

Intermediate to advanced

412 pages

16h 1m

English

CRC Press

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments
Author
Symbols

1 Historical introduction and survey
1.1 The discovery—November 18951.2 The prehistory of X-rays1.2.1 Cathode rays: first generation of X-rays—18571.2.2 Spooky rays1.3 Early clinical use and industrialization from 18961.3.1 First sustained clinical installation1.4 Beginning industrial production1.4.1 Major pitfalls1.4.2 Exploding span of ideas1.4.3 Generator development1.4.4 Clinical exploration1.4.4.1 Three-dimensional imaging1.4.4.2 Beam quality—low-energy X-rays1.5 Victims and safety1.6 High vacuum vs. semi-vacuum1.7 Goetze’s line focus1.8 Rotating targets1.9 Stationary anode tubes1.10 Metal center section and metal-ceramic tubes—19801.11 Philips liquid metal bearings—19891.12 Varian’s finned anode and electron trapping—19981.13 Electron beam computed tomography—mid-19801.14 Rotating frame tubes—20031.15 GE’s largest rotating anode—20051.16 CT requirements on the move1.17 The highest power density CT tube platform—20071.18 Production1.19 Epilog1.20 ProblemsReferences
2 Physics of generation of bremsstrahlung
2.1 Acceleration of electrons2.2 Efficiency of energy conversion2.3 The X-ray continuum spectrum2.4 Characteristic radiation2.5 Characteristic radiation and discontinuous attenuation2.6 Theory of the angular distribution of the continuum radiation2.7 Angular distribution of characteristic radiation2.8 Polarization2.9 Theory of electron scatter in the anode2.10 Electron backscatter2.11 The Thomson–Whiddington law in more detail2.12 Measured and simulated isotropic X-ray intensity distribution2.13 The heel effect2.14 ProblemsReferences
3 The interaction of X-ray with matter
3.1 Basics of the attenuation of X-rays3.2 X-ray refraction and X-ray lenses3.3 Thomson scattering3.4 Rayleigh scattering3.5 Compton scattering3.6 Photoelectric absorption3.7 ProblemsReferences
4 More background on medical imaging
4.1 Non-X-ray methods4.2 X-ray imaging4.2.1 Attenuation imaging4.2.2 Linear systems theory4.2.3 Modulation transfer function4.2.4 Stating the MTF4.3 Spectral imaging4.4 Phase-contrast imaging4.5 Fluorescence imaging4.6 Polarized X-rays4.7 ProblemsReferences
5 Imaging modalities and challenges
5.1 Computed tomography5.1.1 History of CT5.1.1.1 The beginning5.1.1.2 Modern systems5.1.2 Theoretical basis of CT5.1.2.1 Image reconstruction5.1.3 Multidetector CT5.1.4 Cone-beam CT5.1.5 Spiral CT5.1.6 Spectral CT5.1.6.1 Physical background5.1.6.2 Spectral CT concepts in comparison5.1.6.3 Spectral material decomposition5.1.6.4 Source-based spectral CT5.1.6.5 Detection-based spectral CT5.1.7 Components of CT systems5.1.7.1 The rotating gantry5.1.7.2 Operating parameters for CT5.1.7.3 Changing requirements for CT sources5.1.7.4 X-ray source features for CT5.1.7.5 CT collimators and beam shapers5.1.7.6 Generators5.1.7.7 X-ray detectors5.1.8 Clinical outcome5.1.9 Alternative concepts5.1.9.1 Fourth-generation CT5.1.9.2 Electron beam CT5.1.9.3 Switching source stationary CT5.1.9.4 Tomosynthesis versus computed tomography5.1.9.5 Future development of CT5.2 Cardiac and vascular imaging5.3 Radiographic systems5.4 Radiography/fluoroscopy (R/F) systems5.5 Mammography systems5.6 Surgical C-arm systems with monoblocks5.7 ProblemsReferences
6 Diagnostic X-ray sources from the inside
6.1 Working principle and types of medical X-ray tubes6.1.1 Stationary anode tubes6.1.2 Miniature tubes6.1.3 Rotating anode tubes6.1.4 Rotating frame tubes6.2 Tube components in detail6.2.1 The cathode6.2.1.1 Energy required for electron production—work function6.2.1.2 Mechanisms of electron emission6.2.1.3 Robustness of the tungsten emitter6.2.1.4 Cathode characteristics—the emission chart6.2.1.5 Filament heating6.2.1.6 Electron beam focusing and metric for the focal spot size6.2.1.7 Off-focal radiation6.2.1.8 Special cathode features6.2.1.9 Grid switching for fluoroscopy application6.2.1.10 Advanced electron optics in medical X-ray tubes6.2.1.11 Alternatives to tungsten emitters6.2.1.12 Charge balance inside the X-ray tube6.2.2 The anode6.2.2.1 Stationary anode targets6.2.2.2 Rotating anode targets6.2.2.3 Thermal balance6.2.2.4 Cooling channels6.2.2.5 Temperatures in CT application6.2.2.6 Temperatures in interventional and general radiography application6.2.2.7 Metric of anode heat storage capacity abandoned—IEC standard6.2.2.8 Stating thermal X-ray tube performance6.2.3 Rotor systems, drives, and vacuum bearings6.2.3.1 Rotor drive6.2.3.2 Rotor dynamics, moment of inertia, and start-up time6.2.3.3 Vibration and noise6.2.3.4 Gyroscopic momentum6.2.3.5 Ball bearing systems6.2.3.6 Spiral groove or liquid metal bearings6.2.3.7 Magnetic bearings6.3 The tube frame6.4 Maintaining vacuum6.5 Vacuum discharges and high-voltage stability6.6 ProblemsReferences
7 Housings, system interfacing, and auxiliary equipment
7.1 X-ray source assembly7.2 Radiation shield7.3 Beam quality7.4 Beam limitation7.5 Protection against implosion and explosion7.6 Cooling7.6.1 Air convection and limits7.6.2 Enforced cooling7.7 ProblemsReferences
8 The source of power
8.1 Basic functionality of the X-ray generator8.2 High voltage chain8.3 Sensing tube voltage and current8.4 Energy quantization8.5 Voltage ripple8.6 Dual-energy (dual-X-ray color) imaging8.7 Filament heating and emission control8.8 Grid and electrostatic deflection supply8.9 Multiple tubes8.10 Other auxiliary supplies8.11 Tube temperature supervision8.12 Dose control8.13 Matching generator and tube8.14 Monoblocks8.15 ProblemsReferences
9 Manufacturing, service, and tube replacement
9.1 Introduction9.2 Manufacturing of X-ray tubes9.2.1 Cleanliness9.2.2 Basic logistics9.2.3 Production lines9.2.4 Final testing9.3 Process-oriented versus assembly-oriented production9.4 Production yield9.5 Installation and service9.5.1 Reconditioning9.5.2 Warm-up9.6 Tube replacement and recycling9.6.1 Average tube lifetime9.6.2 Warranty and costs of ownership9.7 Recycling9.8 ProblemsReference
10 X-ray source development for medical imaging
10.1 Application trends for the development of medical X-ray sources10.1.1 Trends for computed tomography10.1.2 Trends for interventional X-ray and general radiography10.2 Developments that have not (yet?) made it to the marketplace10.2.1 High-throughput rotating frame tube10.2.2 Fourth-generation CT torus10.2.3 Stationary CT tube with carbon nanotube field emission cathodes10.2.4 Other dedicated sources for three-dimension-like imaging10.2.5 Sources for inverse geometries10.3 Candidates for next-generation bremsstrahlung sources10.3.1 Enhanced brilliance: Liquid metal anodes10.3.2 Alternative high-voltage generation10.3.3 Microfabricated dielectric laser electron accelerator10.4 Dream and reality: Deficits of bremsstrahlung sources10.5 Non-bremsstrahlung sources of X-rays for imaging10.5.1 Synchrotron radiation10.5.2 Free electron lasers10.5.3 Laser-wakefield X-ray sources10.5.4 Other selected physical processes of X-ray generation10.6 Industrial development of novel X-ray sources10.6.1 Evolution or game changers?10.6.2 Development process10.6.3 Value engineering10.7 ProblemsReferences
Index

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Modern Diagnostic X-Ray Sources, 2nd Edition

by Rolf Behling

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
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