book

Optical Signal Processing

Name: Optical Signal Processing
Author: Anthony VanderLugt
ISBN: 9780471745327

by Anthony VanderLugt

June 2005

Intermediate to advanced

632 pages

15h 46m

English

Wiley-Interscience

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Coverpage
Titlepage
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1. Basic Signal Parameters
1.1 Introduction1.2 Characterization of a General Signal1.2.1. By Bandwidth1.2.2. By Time1.2.3. By Sample Interval1.2.4. By Number of Samples1.2.5. By Number of Amplitude Levels or Signal Features1.2.6. By Degrees of Freedom1.3 The Sample Function1.4 Examples of Signals1.5 Spatial Signals
Chapter 2. Geometrical Optics
2.1 Introduction2.2 Refractive Index and Optical Path2.3 Basic Laws of Geometrical Optics2.3.1. Law of Reflection2.3.2. Law of Refraction2.3.3. Fermat’s Principle2.3.4. The Critical Angle2.4 Refraction by Prisms2.4.1. Minimum Deviation Angle2.4.2. Dispersion by a Prism2.4.3. Beam Magnification by a Prism2.4.4. Counter-Rotating Prisms2.4.5. The Wobble Plate2.5 The Lens Formulas2.5.1. The Sign Convention2.5.2. Refraction at a Curved Surface2.5.3. The Refraction Equation for Combined Surfaces2.5.4. The Condenser Lens Configuration2.5.5. The Collimating Lens Configuration2.5.6. Principal Planes2.5.7. Thin-Lens Systems2.5.8. Afocal or Telescopic Configurations2.6 The General Imaging Condition2.6.1. Ray Tracing2.6.2. Lateral Magnification2.6.3. The Principal Pupil Ray2.7 The Optical Invariant2.7.1. Magnification Revisited2.7.2. Spatial Resolution2.7.3. Space Bandwidth Product2.7.4. Matching the Information Capacity of System Components2.8 Classification of Lenses and Systems2.8.1. The Coddington Shape Factor2.8.2. The Coddington Position Factor2.9 Aberrations2.9.1. Spherical Aberration2.9.2. Coma2.9.3. Astigmatism2.9.4. Curvature of Field2.9.5. Distortion2.9.6. Splitting the Lens
Chapter 3. Physical Optics
3.1 Introduction3.2 The Fresnel Transform3.2.1. Convolution and Impulse Response3.2.2. Diffraction by Two Sources3.2.3. Fresnel Zones, Chirp Functions, and Holography3.2.4. The Fresnel Transform of a Slit3.3 The Fourier Transform3.3.1. The Fourier Transform of a Periodic Function3.3.2. The Fourier Transform for Nonperiodic Signals3.3.3. The Fourier Transform in Optics3.4 Examples of Fourier Transforms3.4.1. Fourier Transforms of Aperture Functions3.4.2. A Partitioned Aperture Function3.4.3. A Periodic Signal3.5 The Inverse Fourier Transform3.5.1. Bandlimited Signals3.5.2. Rayleigh-Resolution Criterion3.5.3. Abbe’s Resolution Criterion3.5.4. The Sample Function, Sampling Theorem, and Decomposition3.6 Extended Fourier-Transform Analysis3.6.1. The Basic Elements of an Optical System3.6.2. Operational Notation3.6.3. A Basic Optical System3.6.4. Cascaded Optical Systems3.6.5. The Scale of the Fourier Transform3.7 Maximum Information Capacity and Optimum Packing Density3.7.1. Maximum Information Capacity3.7.2. Optimum Packing Density3.7.3. Convergent Illumination3.7.4. The Chirp-Z Transform3.8 System Coherence3.8.1. Spatial Coherence3.8.2. Temporal Coherence3.8.3. Spatial and Temporal Coherence
Chapter 4. Spectrum Analysis
4.1 Introduction4.2 Light Sources4.3 Spatial Light Modulators4.3.1. Light Valve Spatial Light Modulators4.3.2. Optically Addressed Electro-Optic Spatial Light Modulators4.3.3. Liquid-Crystal Spatial Light Modulators4.3.4. Magneto-Optic Spatial Light Modulators4.4 The Detection Process in the Fourier Domain4.4.1. A Special Photodetector Array4.4.2. Spectral Responsivity and Typical Power Levels4.4.3. The Number of Photodetector Elements4.4.4. Array Geometry4.4.5. Readout Rate4.4.6. Blooming and Electrical Crosstalk4.4.7. Linearity and Uniformity of Response4.5 System Performance Parameters4.5.1. Total Spatial Frequency Bandwidth4.5.2. Sidelobe Control and Crosstalk4.5.3. Frequency Resolution/Photodetector Spacing4.5.4. Array Spacing and Number of Photodetector Elements4.6 Dynamic Range4.6.1. Intermodulation Products4.6.2. Signal-to-Noise Ratio and the Minimum Signal Level4.6.3. Integration Time/Bandwidth4.6.4. Example4.6.5. Quantum Noise Limit4.7 Raster-Format Spectrum Analyzer4.7.1. The Recording Format4.7.2. The Two-Dimensional Spectrum Analyzer4.7.3. Illustration of Raster-Format Spectra4.8 Summary of the Main Design Concepts

Chapter 5. Spatial Filtering
5.1 Introduction5.2 Some Fundamentals of Signal Processing5.2.1. Linear, Space-Invariant Systems5.2.2. Parseval’s Theorem5.2.3. Correlation5.2.4. Input/Output Spectral Densities5.2.5. Matched Filtering5.2.6. Inverse Filtering5.3 Spatial Filters5.4 Binary Spatial Filters5.4.1. Binary Filters for Signal Detection or Excision5.4.2. Other Applications of Binary Filters5.5 Magnitude Spatial Filters5.6 Phase Spatial Filters5.7 Real-Valued Spatial Filters5.8 Experimental Examples5.9 The Spatial Carrier Frequency Filter5.10 Interferometric Methods for Constructing Filters5.10.1. Limitations of the Mach-Zehnder Interferometer5.10.2. The Rayleigh Interferometer5.10.3. The Minimum-Aperture Interferometer5.11 Information Processing5.12 Arbitrary Reference Function5.13 Bandwidth Considerations5.14 Multiplexed Filters5.15 Computer Generated Filters5.16 Reference Function Optical Processors
Chapter 6. Spatial Filtering Systems
6.1 Introduction6.2 Optical Signal Processor and Filter Generator6.2.1. The Light Source6.2.2. The Spatial Light Modulator6.2.3. The Fourier Transform Lens6.2.4. The Filter Plane6.2.5. The Imaging Lens6.3 The Readout Module6.3.1. The Thresholding Operation6.3.2. The Importance of Nonoverlapping Signals6.3.3. On-Chip Processing6.3.4. Constant False-Alarm Rate6.4 The Reference-to-Signal-Beam Ratio6.5 Orientation and Scale-Searching Operations6.5.1. The Orientation Search6.5.2. The Scale Search6.6 Methods for Handling Nonuniform Noise Spectral Densities6.6.1. Dual Frequency-Plane Processing6.6.2. Transposed Processing for Adaptive Filtering6.7 Other Applications for Optical Spatial Filtering6.7.1. Target Recognition6.7.2. Motion Analysis6.7.3. Frame Alignment and Stereo Compilation6.8 The Effects of Small Displacements of Spatial Filters6.8.1. Lateral Displacement6.8.2. Longitudinal Displacements6.8.3. Random Motion of the Filter
Chapter 7. Acousto-Optic Devices
7.1 Introduction7.2 Acousto-Optic Cell Spatial Light Modulators7.2.1. Raman-Nath Mode7.2.2. The Bragg Mode7.2.3. Diffraction Angles, Spatial Frequencies, and Temporal Frequencies7.2.4. The Time Bandwidth Product7.3 Dynamic Transfer Relationships7.3.1. Diffraction Efficiency7.3.2. Input/Output Relationships7.4 Time Delays and Notation7.5 Phase-Modulation Notation7.6 Sign Notation7.7 Conjugate Relationships7.8 Visualization of the Acousto-Optic Interaction7.9 Applications of Acousto-Optic Devices7.9.1. Acousto-Optic Modulation7.9.2. Acousto-Optic Beam Deflectors
Chapter 8. Acousto-Optic Power Spectrum Analyzers
8.1 Introduction8.2 A Basic Spectrum Analyzer8.2.1. The Illumination Subsystem8.2.2. A Raman-Nath-Mode Spectrum Analyzer8.2.3. A Bragg-Mode Spectrum Analyzer8.2.4. The Generalization to Arbitrary Signals8.3 Aperture Weighting for Sidelobe Control8.4 Resolution8.5 Dynamic Range and Signal-to-Noise Ratio8.6 Spur-Free Dynamic Range8.6.1. Intermodulation Products Due to Acousto-Optic Cells8.6.2. Signal Compression8.6.3. Scattered Light8.7 Photodetector Geometric Considerations8.8 Example8.9 The Signal-to-Noise Ratio8.10 Radiometers8.11 Summary of the Main Design Concepts
Chapter 9. Heterodyne Systems
9.1 Introduction9.2 The Interference Between Two Waves9.2.1. Spatial Interference9.2.2. Temporal and Spatial Interference9.3 Overlapping Waves and Photodetector Size9.3.1. Optimum Photodetector Size for Plane-Wave Interference9.3.2. Optimum Photodetector Size for a Two-Dimensional Chirp9.3.3. Optimum Photodetector Size for a One-Dimensional Chirp9.3.4. Optimum Photodetector Size for a General Signal9.4 The Optical Radio9.4.1. Direct Detection9.4.2. Heterodyne Detection9.5 A Generalized Heterodyne System
Chapter 10. Heterodyne Spectrum Analysis
10.1 Introduction10.2 Basic Theory10.3 Spatial and Temporal Frequencies: The Mixed Transform10.3.1. The cw Signal10.3.2. A Short Pulse10.3.3. The Evolving Pulse10.4 The Distributed Local Oscillator10.4.1. The Ideal Reference Signal10.4.2. The Mixed Transform of the Reference Signal10.5 Photodetector Geometry and Bandwidth10.5.1. The Bandpass Filter Shape10.5.2. Crosstalk10.5.3. Resolution, Accuracy, and Photodetector Size10.6 Temporal Frequencies of the Reference Bias Term10.7 Dynamic Range10.8 Comparison of the Heterodyne and Power Spectrum Analyzer Performance10.8.1. Both Systems Thermal-Noise Limited10.8.2. Both Systems Shot-Noise Limited10.8.3. Power Spectrum Analyzer Thermal-Noise Limited; Heterodyne Spectrum Analyzer Shot-Noise Limited10.8.4. Power Spectrum Analyzer Using a CCD Array10.9 Hybrid Heterodyne Spectrum Analyzer
Chapter 11. Decimated Arrays and Cross-Spectrum Analysis
11.1 Introduction11.2 Background for the Heterodyne Spectrum Analyzer11.3 Photodetector Geometry and Detection Scheme11.4 The Reference and Scanning Functions11.5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Dynamic Range11.6 Improved Reference Waveform11.7 The Cross-Spectrum Analyzer11.7.1. Cross-Spectrum Analysis with Spatial Heterodyning11.7.2. Cross-Spectrum Analysis with Temporal Heterodyning
Chapter 12. The Heterodyne Transform and Signal Excision
12.1 Introduction12.2 The Heterodyne Transform12.3 The Temporal Frequency Range of the Baseband Terms12.4 Probing Arbitrary Three-Dimensional Fields12.5 Signal Excision12.6 Arbitrary Filter Function
Chapter 13. Space-Integrating Correlators
13.1 Introduction13.2 Reference-Function Correlators13.2.1. Real-Valued Impulse Responses13.2.2. Complex-Valued Impulse Responses13.2.3. A Wavefront View of Matched Filtering13.2.4. The Photodetector Bandwidth13.2.5. Correlation in the Presence of Doppler Frequency Shifts13.2.6. Programmable Matched Filter13.3 Multichannel Operation13.4 Heterodyne/Homodyne Detection13.5 Homodyne Detection in the Fourier Domain13.6 Heterodyne Detection13.7 Carrier Frequency Requirements13.8 Illumination Requirements13.9 Integrate and Dump13.10 Some More Configurations
Chapter 14. Time-Integrating Systems
14.1 Introduction14.2 Spectrum Analysis14.2.1. Requirements on the Reference Signals14.2.2. The Basic Operation of the Spectrum Analyzer14.2.3. The Key Features of the Time-Integrating Spectrum Analyzer14.3 Time-Integrating Correlation14.3.1. Time-Integrating Correlator Due to Montgomery14.3.2. Time-Integrating Correlator Due to Sprague and Koliopoulos14.4 Electronic Reference Correlator14.5 Comparison of Features14.6 Integrated Optical Systems
Chapter 15. Two-Dimensional Processing
15.1 Introduction15.2 Triple-Product Processing15.3 Crossed Acousto-Optic Cell Geometry15.4 The Bispectrum15.5 Spectrum Analysis15.5.1. Real-Time Raster-Format Spectrum Analysis15.5.2. Frequency Resolution15.5.3. Experimental Results15.6 Ambiguity Function Generation15.6.1. Ambiguity Function for a cw Signal15.6.2. Ambiguity Function for a Short-Pulse Signal15.6.3. Ambiguity Function for an Infinite Time Duration Chirp Signal15.7 Wigner-Ville Distributions15.8 Range and Doppler Signal Processing15.9 Optical Transversal Processor for Notch Filtering15.9.1. Sampled Time Analysis15.9.2. Continuous-Time Analysis15.9.3. A Frequency Plane Implementation15.10 Phased Array Processing
Appendix I
Appendix II
References
Bibliography
Index

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Optical Signal Processing

by Anthony VanderLugt

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