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Optics in Instruments

Name: Optics in Instruments
Author: Jean Pierre Goure
ISBN: 9781848212435

by Jean Pierre Goure

May 2011

Beginner to intermediate

320 pages

7h 43m

English

Wiley

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Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Chapter 1: Optics and Instruments
1.1. Introduction1.2. The media and optical communications1.3. Instruments for image capture1.3.1. Classic image-capture instruments1.3.2. Seeing even further1.3.3. Seeing and measuring small objects1.3.4. Improving the image1.4. Optics in industrial processes1.4.1. Metrology and production control1.4.2. Process control1.4.3. Transformation of matter and shaping of materials1.5. Optics and the medicine1.6. Research1.7. The basic components of an instrument1.8. Bibliography
Chapter 2: Formation of Images
2.1. Introduction to optics2.2. Study of a centered system under Gaussian conditions2.2.1. Main elements of a centered system2.2.2. Another form of the Lagrange-Helmoltz relation2.2.3. Nodal points2.2.4. Relation between the object and image space focal lengths — optical power2.2.5. Cartesian and Newtonian equations2.2.6. Longitudinal magnification2.2.7. Association of centered systems2.2.7.1. Optical power of the association2.2.7.2. Position of the second principal point H' in relation to H'22.2.7.3. Formulae in object space2.2.7.4. Position of the focal points2.2.8. Spherical refractive surface2.2.8.1. Principal planes2.2.8.2. Optical power2.2.8.3. Equations for the conjugates2.2.9. Lens2.3. General facts about optical instruments2.3.1. Introduction2.3.2. Size of the image2.3.2.1. Objective instruments2.3.2.2. Subjective instruments2.3.3. Field2.3.3.1. Aperture stop — pupils2.3.3.2. Field stop — windows2.3.4. Conclusion2.4. Geometric aberrations2.4.1. Introduction2.4.2. Relation between wavefront aberrations and transverse ray aberrations2.4.3. The different types of aberration2.4.4. Seidel aberrations2.4.4.1. Aberration of sphericity: Ws = b1(x2 + y2)22.4.4.2. Coma: Wc = b2yY (x2 + y2)2.4.4.3. Astigmatism: Was = b3y2Y22.4.4.4. Curvature of field: Wcb = b4(x2 + y2)Y22.4.4.5. Distortion: Wd = b5yY32.4.5. Conclusion2.5. Chromatic aberrations2.5.1. Introduction2.5.2. Some definitions2.5.2.1. Axial chromatic aberration (ACA)2.5.2.2. Lateral chromatic aberration (LCA)2.5.2.3. Apparent achromatism — secondary spectrum2.5.3. Apparent achromatism of doublets2.5.3.1. Non-cemented doublet2.5.3.2. Cemented doublet2.6. Conclusion2.7. Bibliography
Chapter 3: A Revision of Photometry and Radiometry
3.1. Introduction: the role of photometry and radiometry3.2. The main parameters of an optical radiation3.2.1. Flux (F)3.2.2. Solid angle (Ω)3.2.3. Intensity (I)3.2.4. Geometric extent (G)3.2.5. Radiance (L), exitance (M)3.2.5.1. Radiance (L)3.2.5.2. Exitance M3.2.6. Irradiance E3.2.7. Spectrum3.2.8. Radiometric units3.3. Relations between radiometric parameters of a radiation3.3.1. General relations between geometric parameters3.3.1.1. Flux and intensity3.3.1.2. Flux and radiance3.3.1.3. Radiance and intensity3.3.1.4. Irradiance (or exitance) of a flat surface from a radiation of radiance L3.3.1.5. Irradiance E of a plane from directed illumination of intensity I: Bouguer’s law3.3.2. Particular case of radiations with uniform radiance3.3.2.1. Definition3.3.2.2. Intensity3.3.2.3. Flux3.3.2.4. Geometric extent of a beam defined by a circular aperture and a cone of revolution3.3.2.5. Examples of Lambertian sources3.3.3. Relations between energetic, photonic and visual parameters3.3.3.1. Relations between energetic and photonic parameters3.3.3.1.1. Monochromatic or spectrally narrow radiations3.3.3.1.2. Spectrally large radiations3.3.3.2. Relations between energetic and visual (or luminous) parameters3.3.3.2.1. Relative spectral sensitivity of human vision3.3.3.3. Relations in the case of spectrally large radiations3.4. Some photometric properties of optical instruments3.4.1. Conservation of the geometric extent of a beam in an optical medium and its transfer by an optical interface3.4.2. Effects of refraction and reflection on radiance3.4.3. A revision of instrumental optics3.4.3.1. Diaphragms of an optical system3.4.3.2. Hypothesis on optical quality3.4.3.3. Numerical aperture and aperture number of an instrument3.4.4. Photometry of an imaging system3.4.4.1. On-axis radiometry3.4.4.2. Off-axis irradiance3.4.5. Photometry of a “flux collector” instrument3.5. Bibliography
Chapter 4: Light Sources for Optical Instruments
4.1. Generalities about sources4.2. Emission light4.2.1. Coherence of sources4.2.2. Sources characteristics4.2.3. Different types of sources4.3. Lamps4.3.1. Incandescent lamps4.3.2. Halogen lamps4.3.3. Luminescent discharge sources4.3.3.1. Low-pressure light sources4.3.3.2. Hollow cathode lamps4.3.3.3. Electrodeless discharge lamps4.3.3.4. High-pressure discharge lamps4.3.3.5. Flash lamps4.3.3.6. DC arc4.4. Lasers4.4.1. Definition and general characteristics4.4.1.1. How a laser works4.4.1.1.1. Amplifying medium4.4.1.1.2. Pumping method4.4.1.1.3. Optical cavity, resonator4.4.1.2. Transverse modes4.4.1.3. Longitudinal (or axial) modes4.4.1.4. Pulsed laser4.4.1.4.1. Synchronized mode-locked lasers4.4.1.4.2. Relaxed laser4.4.1.4.3. Q-switched laser4.4.1.4.4. Pulse duration4.4.1.5. Tunable laser4.4.2. Gas lasers4.4.2.1. Neutral atom lasers4.4.2.2. Ion lasers4.4.2.3. Molecular lasers4.4.2.4. Excimer lasers4.4.3. Solid-state lasers4.4.4. Optical parametric oscillators4.4.5. Fiber lasers4.4.5.1. Principle4.4.5.2. Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light sources4.4.5.3. White light fiber sources4.5. Diodes4.5.1. Light-emitting diodes4.5.1.1. Inorganic light-emitting diodes4.5.1.2. Organic light-emitting diodes: OLEDs4.5.2. Laser diodes4.5.2.1. Edge-emitting diodes4.5.2.2. Quantum cascade lasers4.5.2.3. VECSELs (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers)4.6. Remote sources and optical power supply4.7. Bibliography
Chapter 5: Colorimetry
5.1. Introduction5.2. Color and the observer5.2.1. The physical stimulus5.2.2. The human visual system5.3. The foundation of colorimetry5.3.1. Tristimulus values5.3.2. Chromaticity diagram5.4. Perception of color differences5.4.1. CIE 1976 L*u*v* color space5.4.2. CIE 1976 L*a*b* color space5.4.3. The problem of dark colors5.5. Evaluation of color differences5.5.1. Color deviation equations based on CIE 1976 color spaces5.5.2. Notes about CIE 1976 color spaces5.5.3. CMC (l:c) color formula5.5.4. CIE 1994 formula5.5.5. CIE DE2000 total color deviation formula5.6. Interpreting color deviations and color tolerancing5.7. Conclusion5.8. Bibliography
Chapter 6: Bases for Image Analysis
6.1. Introduction6.1.1. What is an image?6.1.2. Digitization of the spatial support6.1.3. Digitization of gray-scale6.2. Classification of the image6.2.1. Earliest tools for classification: thresholding, multi-thresholding, contour detection6.2.1.1. Maximizing inter-class variance6.2.1.1.1. Summary of the method6.2.1.1.2. Advantages of the method6.2.1.1.3. Drawbacks of the method6.2.1.2. Entropy maximization6.2.1.2.1. Summary of the method6.2.1.3. Classification by dynamic “clouds” or k-means6.2.1.4. Köhler method (K method)6.2.1.4.1. Summary of the K method6.2.1.4.2. Advantages of the method6.2.1.4.3. Drawbacks6.2.1.5. Conservation of statistical moments method6.2.1.5.1. Summary6.2.1.5.2. Advantages of the method6.2.1.5.3. Drawbacks to the method6.2.1.6. Metric method6.2.1.6.1. Summary6.2.1.6.2. Examples of functional metrics6.2.2. Perspectives towards more complex tools6.3. Interpretation of binary images6.3.1. Measurements6.3.1.1. First example: area of a particle6.3.1.2. Second example: perimeter of a particle6.3.1.2.1. Freeman coding6.3.1.2.2. Crofton method6.3.2. Parameters of shape6.3.3. Binary mathematical morphology6.3.3.1. Detection of inverted and prominent areas of an object A6.3.3.2. Link with CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing)6.3.3.3. Mathematical morphology and vectorization6.3.3.4. Reconstruction by marker or conditional dilation6.3.3.5. Evaluation of distances6.3.4. Correction of a squared grid6.4. Gray level mathematical morphology6.5. An example of a non-linear model: the LIP (Logarithmic Image Processing) model [JOU 01]6.5.1. Initial physical framework6.6. Conclusion6.7. Bibliography

Chapter 7: Optics for Imaging: Definition, Manufacturing, Applications
7.1. Lenses for photography7.1.1. Fixed focal length lenses7.1.1.1. The simplest lenses7.1.1.2. Fundamental types of lenses7.1.2. Zoom lenses7.2. Lenses for cinema and television7.2.1. Cinema7.2.2. Television7.2.3. Manufacture7.3. Optics in astronomy7.4. Bibliography
Chapter 8: Optics for Images at Low Light Levels
8.1. Introduction8.1.1. Active imagery8.1.2. Low light level passive imagery8.1.3. Infrared thermography8.2. Light intensification devices8.2.1. Different sensor technologies: light intensification tubes8.2.2. Different sensors: video-compatible solutions8.2.2.1. CCD versus CMOS8.2.2.2. Different sensors8.2.3. Optics for LLL systems8.2.3.1. General architecture8.2.3.2. The choice of fields of view for portable applications8.2.3.3. The objective8.2.3.4. Eyepieces8.2.3.5. Accessories8.3. A case apart: the SWIR band8.3.1. The interest of the SWIR band8.3.2. SWIR sensors8.3.3. Optics for the SWIR band8.4. The 3-5 µm and 8-12 µm bands8.4.1. The different types of sensors and the design constraints relating to optics8.4.2. Optical materials in the IR band8.4.3. Rather special optical components8.5. The future
Chapter 9: From the Classic Microscope to the Tunnel Effect Microscope
9.1. Introduction9.2. Towards the limit of resolution. Aspects of the formation of images9.2.1. Transfer function9.2.2. Transfer function in coherent illumination9.2.3. Aberrations9.2.4. Transfer function in partially coherent illumination9.2.5. Transfer function in incoherent illumination9.2.6. Structured illumination, synthetic pupil9.3. The confocal microscope9.3.1. Coherent confocal microscope9.3.2. Incoherent confocal microscope (fluorescence)9.3.3. 4Pi synthetic aperture9.3.4. Stimulated emission depletion (STED) confocal microscope9.4. Adaptive optics9.5. Polarized light9.6. Phase microscopies9.6.1. Absolute interferometric phase-shifting measurements9.6.2. Measurements based on a single interferogram9.6.3. 3D holographic microscopy9.7. Confined light microscopy techniques. Evanescent waves9.8. Near-field local probe microscopy9.9. Bibliography9.10. Glossary of terms used
List of Authors
Index

Content preview from Optics in Instruments

Preface

Chapter 1. Optics and Instruments

1.1. Introduction

1.2. The media and optical communications

1.3. Instruments for image capture

1.4. Optics in industrial processes

1.5. Optics and the medicine

1.6. Research

1.7. The basic components of an instrument

1.8. Bibliography

Chapter 2. Formation of Images

2.1. Introduction to optics

2.2. Study of a centered system under Gaussian conditions

2.3. General facts about optical instruments

2.4. Geometric aberrations

2.5. Chromatic aberrations

2.6. Conclusion

2.7. Bibliography

Chapter 3. A Revision of Photometry and Radiometry

3.1. Introduction: the role of photometry and radiometry

3.2. The main values of an optical radiation

3.3. Relations between radiometric parameters of a radiation

3.4. Some photometric properties of optical instruments

3.5. Bibliography

Chapter 4. Light Sources for Optical Instruments

4.1. Generalities about sources

4.6. Remote sources and optical power supply

4.7. Bibliography

Chapter 5. Colorimetry

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Color and the observer

5.3. The foundation of colorimetry

5.4. Perception of color differences

5.5. Evaluation of color differences

5.6. Interpreting color deviations and color tolerancing

5.7. Conclusion

5.8. Bibliography

Chapter 6. Bases for Image Analysis

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Classification of the image

6.3. Interpretation of binary images

6.4. Gray level mathematical morphology

6.5. An example of a non-linear model: ...

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Optics in Instruments

by Jean Pierre Goure

Table of Contents

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