Unix/Linux UtilitiesUsing the sar Command to Monitor CPU Usagesar −u (Check for CPU Bogged Down)The sar −d Command (Find I/O Problems)The sar −b Command (Check the Buffer Cache)The sar −q Command (Check the Run Queue and Swap Queue Lengths)Using the sar and vmstat Commands to Monitor Paging/SwappingUsing sar −p to Report Paging ActivitiesUsing sar −w to Report Swapping and Switching ActivitiesUsing sar −r to Report Free Memory and Free SwapUsing sar −g to Report Paging ActivitiesUsing sar −wpgr to Report on Memory ResourcesFinding the Worst User on the System Using the top CommandMonitoring ToolsUsing the uptime Command to Monitor CPU LoadUsing the mpstat Command to Identify CPU BottlenecksCombining ps with Selected V$ ViewsUsing the iostat Command to Identify Disk I/O BottlenecksUsing iostat −d for Disk Drives sd15, sd16, sd17, and sd18Using iostat −DUsing iostat −xCombining iostat −x with Logic in a Shell ScriptUsing the ipcs Command to Determine Shared MemoryUsing the vmstat Command to Monitor System LoadMonitoring Disk Free SpaceThe df CommandMonitoring Network PerformanceMonitoring Using the spray CommandMonitoring Network Performance with nfsstat –cMonitoring Network Performance with netstatDisplaying Current Values of Tunable ParametersModifying the Configuration Information FileOther Factors That Affect PerformanceOther Sources to Improve PerformanceTips ReviewReferences