Introduction: OS9 TO OS XOS X Security and Encryption: Encryption Within OS XThe System KeychainBetter Keychain SecurityOS X Security and Encryption: OS X Password EncryptionSymmetric CiphersAsymmetric CiphersHashesPassword CrackingShadows and DESSHA-1Windows LAN ManagerSalt and Rainbow TablesDisk Images and Secure Virtual DisksFileVault and Encrypted DMG FilesAESFileVaultPlaintext MemoryInsecure HardwareFirewire DMAPatching DMAAlternative RAM AttacksAlternative Encryption SystemsWireless EncryptionWEPInitialization VectorsWEP ThreatsWi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)WPA ThreatsEntropy, Passwords, and WPASecure CommunicationSecure Socket LayerDiffie and Hellman, Public Key ExchangeMan in the MiddleCertificate AuthoritiesSecure Communications: Summary of Suggestions:Secure Shell and TunnelingOpen Source EffortsSSHSSHDVPN EncryptionVpnPPTP, L2TP, and OPENVPNIPsecIPv6SummaryReferences