With the development of power electronics, high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) are widely used in power systems today. Alternative HVDC transmission has special advantages over AC transmission, while FACTS provide auxiliary service for enhancing AC transmission system security and flexibility. In this chapter, two kinds of the most widely used HVDC technologies, that is LCC‐HVDC and VSC‐HVDC (line‐commutated converter HVDC and voltage‐source converter HVDC), are introduced. After a brief introduction to the structures and control strategies of different HVDC systems, the black‐start capability and black‐start sequence with HVDC are discussed. After that, FACTS technology’s potential benefits for system restoration are also explored.
9.1.1 LCC‐HVDC Technology for System Restoration
9.1.1.1 Characteristics of LCC‐HVDC
The classical LCC‐HVDC based on thyristor technology, in use for decades, has proven to be superior to AC transmission in terms of operating cost and reliability [1]. Figure 9.1 depicts an LCC‐HVDC using thyristors in a current source converter topology. Two AC systems are connected by the HVDC link. This system includes: the AC/DC and DC/AC converters, filters, converter transformer, DC line, and the smoothing reactors.
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