Chapter 13
System Calls
In the view of user programs, the kernel is a transparent system layer—it is always present but never really noticed. Processes don't know whether the kernel is running or not. Neither do they know which virtual memory contents are currently in RAM or which contents have been swapped out or perhaps not even read in. Nevertheless, processes are engaged in permanent interaction with the kernel to request system resources, access peripherals, communicate with other processes, read in files, and much more. For these purposes, they use standard library routines that, in turn, invoke kernel functions—ultimately, the kernel is responsible for sharing resources and services fairly and, above all, smoothly between requesting processes.
Applications therefore see the kernel as a large collection of routines that perform a wide variety of system functions. The standard library is an intermediate layer to standardize and simplify the management of kernel routines across different architectures and systems.
In the view of the kernel, the situation is, of course, a bit more complicated especially as there are several major differences between user and kernel mode, some of which were discussed in earlier chapters. Of particular note are the different virtual address spaces of the two modes and the different ways of exploiting various processor features. Also of interest is how control is transferred backward and forward between applications and the kernel, and how parameters ...
