1.9 GROUND IN A CIRCUIT
When we consider a CE amplifier, the emitter is a common terminal between the input and output, commonly referred to as the ground terminal. Consider the CE amplifier shown in Fig. 1.50(a). Let an n–p–n device be used in the amplifier. VCC is connected to one end of RC and the negative terminal is connected to the ground. IC flows downwards and VC is positive with respect to the ground.
If on the other hand, a p–n–p device is used in the amplifier circuit, the biasing is exactly opposite, as shown in Fig. 1.50(b).
−VCC is connected to one end of RC and the positive end of the battery is connected to the ground. IC flows upwards and VC is negative with respect to the ground. This means that the directions of the currents ...
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