book

Quantum Programming in Depth

by Mariia Mykhailova

July 2025

Intermediate to advanced

288 pages

9h 53m

English

Manning Publications

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1.1 Your second book on quantum computing: The prerequisites1.2 The hype and the promise: What kinds of problems can quantum computing solve?1.3 A peek inside the fridge: How does quantum computing work?1.3.1 Algorithms1.3.2 Hardware1.3.3 Software1.3.4 Quantum application software development workflow1.4 Why learn quantum computing?1.5 Learn by doing: Learning quantum computing through quantum programming with Qiskit and Q#1.6 Further reading1.6.1 Section 1.21.6.2 Section 1.31.7 Summary
2.1 Prepare a single-qubit state2.1.1 Math2.1.2 Qiskit2.1.3 Q#2.2 What does your solution do?2.2.1 Qiskit2.2.2 Q#2.3 Prepare a two-qubit state2.3.1 Refresher: controlled gates in Dirac notation2.3.2 Math2.3.3 Qiskit2.3.4 Q#2.4 Test your solution2.4.1 Qiskit2.4.2 Q#2.5 Prepare a multi-qubit state2.5.1 Math2.5.2 Qiskit2.5.3 Q#2.6 Further reading2.7 Going beyond2.8 Summary
3.1 Implement a single-qubit gate3.1.1 Math3.1.2 Qiskit3.1.3 Q#3.2 What does your solution do?3.2.1 Qiskit3.2.2 Q#3.3 Test your solution3.3.1 Qiskit3.3.2 Q#3.4 Matrix decomposition3.5 Implement a two-qubit block-diagonal unitary with \(2 \times 2\) blocks3.5.1 Refresher: controlled gates in matrix notation3.5.2 Math3.5.3 Qiskit3.5.4 Q#3.6 Implement a two-qubit CS unitary3.6.1 Math3.6.2 Qiskit3.6.3 Q#3.7 Implement a two-qubit block-antidiagonal unitary with \(2 \times 2\) blocks3.7.1 Math3.7.2 Qiskit3.7.3 Q#3.8 Implement a two-block block-diagonal unitary of arbitrary size3.8.1 Math3.8.2 Qiskit3.8.3 Q#3.9 Implement a CS unitary of arbitrary size3.9.1 Math3.9.2 Qiskit3.9.3 Q#3.10 Implement an arbitrary unitary of arbitrary size3.10.1 Math3.10.2 Qiskit3.11 Further reading3.12 Going beyond3.13 Summary
4.1 Read out information from a quantum system4.1.1 Math4.1.2 Qiskit4.1.3 Q#4.2 Distinguish superposition states that consist of distinct basis states4.2.1 Math4.2.2 Qiskit4.2.3 Q#4.3 Distinguish superposition states that consist of overlapping basis states4.3.1 Math4.3.2 Qiskit4.3.3 Q#4.4 Distinguish non-orthogonal states with minimum error4.4.1 Math4.4.2 Qiskit4.4.3 Q#4.5 Reconstruct the state from multiple copies4.5.1 Math4.5.2 Qiskit4.5.3 Q#4.6 Joint/parity measurements: extract partial information from a state4.6.1 Math4.6.2 Qiskit4.6.3 Q#4.7 Further reading4.8 Going beyond4.9 Summary
5.1 Distinguish unitaries5.1.1 Math5.1.2 X or Z?5.1.3 X or H?5.1.4 X or -X?5.1.5 Qiskit5.1.6 Q#5.2 Reconstruct the unitary5.2.1 Math5.2.2 Qiskit5.2.3 Q#5.3 Find eigenvalue that corresponds to the given eigenvector (phase estimation problem)5.3.1 Phase kickback5.3.2 Iterative phase estimation5.3.3 Adaptive phase estimation5.3.4 Quantum Fourier transform5.3.5 Quantum phase estimation5.3.6 Qiskit5.3.7 Q#5.4 Going beyond5.5 Summary
6.1 Reversible computing: mapping classical computation onto quantum6.2 Evaluate single-bit functions6.2.1 Math6.2.2 First attempt: in-place computation6.2.3 Second attempt: preserve the input as part of the output6.2.4 Third attempt: make the classical function completely reversible6.2.5 Qiskit6.2.6 Q#6.3 Test reversible computations6.3.1 Qiskit6.3.2 Q#6.4 Evaluate Boolean operations6.4.1 Math6.4.2 NOT6.4.3 XOR6.4.4 Equality6.4.5 AND and multi-bit AND6.4.6 OR and multi-bit OR6.4.7 Qiskit6.4.8 Q#6.5 Evaluate Boolean expressions6.5.1 Math6.5.2 Qiskit6.5.3 Q#6.6 Going beyond6.7 Summary
7.1 Quantum oracles7.1.1 Math7.1.2 Phase oracles7.1.3 Marking oracles7.1.4 Converting one type of oracles into another7.1.5 Qiskit7.1.6 Q#7.2 Grover’s search algorithm7.2.1 Definitions7.2.2 Math7.2.3 Qiskit7.2.4 Q#7.3 Going beyond7.4 Summary

8.1 Naive solution8.2 Encode constraints in the search space8.2.1 Math8.2.2 Qiskit8.2.3 Q#8.3 Change problem encoding8.3.1 Math8.3.2 Qiskit8.3.3 Q#8.4 Going beyond8.5 Summary
9.1 Choose the classical solution for comparison9.2 Performance comparisons: asymptotic vs practical9.3 Estimate performance of a quantum solution9.4 Azure Quantum Resource Estimator: an overview9.5 Solutions’ performance for the N queens puzzle9.6 Further reading9.7 Going beyond9.8 Summary
A.1 QiskitA.1.1 Run Qiskit onlineA.1.2 Install Qiskit locallyA.2 Q#A.2.1 Run Q# onlineA.2.2 Install Q# locallyA.3 pytestA.4 Getting the code

Content preview from Quantum Programming in Depth

7 Grover’s search algorithm

This chapter covers

Using Grover’s algorithm to solve simple search problems
Implementing simple classical functions on a quantum computer
Implementing and testing end-to-end quantum algorithms
Using Q# and Qiskit to implement Grover’s algorithm

As we saw in chapter 6, solving a classical problem on a quantum computer takes several steps (see figure 7.1). It starts with converting the classical problem to its “quantum” formulation that allows us to come up with a quantum algorithm for it. Then, this algorithm has to be implemented as a quantum program. Finally, we need to compare the performance of the quantum solution to that of the best classical solution for the same problem to decide whether using the ...