October 2012
Intermediate to advanced
218 pages
5h 13m
English
book
RF Analog Impairments Modeling for Communication Systems Simulation: Application to OFDM-based Transceivers
by Lydi Smaini
Content preview from RF Analog Impairments Modeling for Communication Systems Simulation: Application to OFDM-based Transceivers
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2.5 Carrier Frequency Offset
2.5.1 Description
In communication systems the carrier frequencies are generated from frequency synthesizers, commonly PLLs, using precise crystal oscillators whose performance is specified with a certain accuracy in parts per million (ppm). Because TX and RX carrier frequencies will be slightly different, after frequency down-conversion in reception the signal will have a residual frequency error, which is referred to as CFO.
Figure 2.29 illustrates this impairment. Due to the LO frequency difference between the transmitter and the receiver, after frequency down-conversion to low-IF or zero-IF the signal spectrum will be shifted by a frequency offset:
in which ΔCFO is the spectral shift introduced by the CFO.
Figure 2.29 Carrier frequency offset after frequency mixing in reception
2.5.2 Impact of CFO in OFDM
By assuming a CFO ΔCFO after frequency down-conversion in the receiver, the OFDM baseband signal can be written
2.89 
in which N is the total number of subcarriers within the OFDM symbol (including DC and guard bands), sk is the symbol modulating subcarrier k, and Ts is the sampling frequency. For data demodulation the OFDM receiver will apply ...
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