book

SAS 9.4 Language Reference, 5th Edition

Name: SAS 9.4 Language Reference, 5th Edition
Author: SAS Institute
ISBN: 9781629598857

by SAS Institute

July 2015

Intermediate to advanced

852 pages

25h 30m

English

SAS Institute

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Contents (1/2)
Contents (2/2)
What's New in the 9.4 Base SAS Language Reference: Concepts
OverviewSAS System FeaturesUniversal Printing
Font Slanting and Emboldening Support
TrueType FontsAvenir Next TrueType Fonts
Support for SAS DATA Step View Buffers
Extended AttributesExtended Observation CountCross-Environment Data Access (CEDA)SMTP E-Mail Authentication Protocol
LOCKDOWN State Restrictions
LOCKDOWN Statement EnhancementsData File ProtectionColumn Headings in VIEWTABLE
Accessibility
SAS System Concepts
Essential Concepts of Base SAS Software
What Is SAS?
Overview of Base SAS Software
Components of the SAS LanguageSAS FilesSAS Data SetsExternal FilesDatabase Management System FilesSAS Language Elements

SAS Macro Facility
Ways to Run Your SAS SessionStarting a SAS SessionDifferent Types of SAS SessionsSAS Windowing EnvironmentInteractive Line ModeNoninteractive ModeBatch ModeObject Server Mode
Customizing Your SAS Session
Setting Default System Option SettingsExecuting Statements AutomaticallyCustomizing the SAS Windowing Environment
Conceptual Information about Base SAS Software
SAS System ConceptsDATA Step ConceptsSAS Files Concepts
SAS Processing
Definition of SAS Processing
Types of Input to a SAS Program
The DATA Step
What Does the DATA Step Do?DATA Step Output
The PROC Step
What Does the PROC Step Do?PROC Step OutputSAS Processing Restrictions for Servers in a Locked-Down StateGeneral Informationz/OS-Specific InformationSpecifying Functions in the Lockdown Path List
Rules for Words and Names in the SAS Language
Words in the SAS LanguageDefinition of WordTypes of Words or TokensPlacement and Spacing of Words in SAS Statements
Names in the SAS Language (1/3)
Definition of a SAS NameRules for User-Supplied SAS Names
Names in the SAS Language (2/3)
SAS Name LiteralsSummary of Default Rules for Naming SAS Data Sets and SAS VariablesSummary of Extended Rules for Naming SAS Data Sets and SAS Variables
Names in the SAS Language (3/3)
SAS Variables
Definition of SAS Variables
SAS Variable Attributes
Ways to Create Variables
OverviewUsing an Assignment StatementReading Data with the INPUT Statement in a DATA StepSpecifying a New Variable in a FORMAT or INFORMAT StatementSpecifying a New Variable in a LENGTH Statement
Specifying a New Variable in an ATTRIB Statement
Using the IN= Data Set OptionVariable Type Conversions
Aligning Variable Values in SAS Output
Reordering Variables in SAS Output
Automatic Variables
SAS Variable Lists
DefinitionNumbered Range ListsName Range ListsName Prefix ListsSpecial SAS Name ListsThe OF Operator with Variable Lists
Dropping, Keeping, and Renaming Variables
Using Statements or Data Set OptionsUsing the Input or Output Data SetOrder of Application
Examples of Dropping, Keeping, and Renaming Variables
Encrypting Variable ValuesCustomized Encryption and Decryption Algorithms for SAS VariablesExample 1: A Simple 1-Byte-to-1-Byte Swap Using the TRANSLATE FunctionExample 2: Using a 1-Byte-to-2-Byte Swap with the TRANWRD FunctionExample 3: Using Different Functions to Encrypt Numeric Values as Character Strings
Numerical Accuracy in SAS Software (1/5)
OverviewTruncation in Binary NumbersHow SAS Stores Numeric Values
Numerical Accuracy in SAS Software (2/5)
Floating-Point Representation Using the IEEE StandardFloating-Point Representation on WindowsFloating-Point Representation on IBM Mainframes
Numerical Accuracy in SAS Software (3/5)
Troubleshooting Errors in Precision
Numerical Accuracy in SAS Software (4/5)
Numerical Accuracy in SAS Software (5/5)
Transferring Data between Operating Systems
Missing Values
Definition of Missing Values
Creating Special Missing Values
DefinitionTipsExample
Order of Missing Values
Numeric Variables
Character Variables
When Variable Values Are Automatically Set to Missing by SASWhen Reading Raw Data
When Reading a SAS Data Set
When Missing Values Are Generated by SASPropagation of Missing Values in CalculationsInvalid OperationsInvalid Character-to-Numeric ConversionsCreating Special Missing ValuesPreventing Propagation of Missing Values
Working with Missing Values
How to Represent Missing Values in Raw DataHow to Set Variable Values to Missing in a DATA StepHow to Check for Missing Values in a DATA Step
Expressions
Definitions for SAS Expressions
Examples of SAS Expressions
SAS Constants in Expressions
DefinitionCharacter ConstantsUsing Quotation Marks with Character ConstantsComparing Character Constants and Character VariablesCharacter Constants Expressed in Hexadecimal NotationNumeric ConstantsNumeric Constants Expressed in Standard NotationNumeric Constants Expressed in Scientific NotationNumeric Constants Expressed in Hexadecimal NotationDate, Time, and Datetime ConstantsBit Testing ConstantsAvoiding a Common Error with Constants
SAS Variables in Expressions
DefinitionAutomatic Numeric-Character Conversion
SAS Functions in Expressions
SAS Operators in ExpressionsDefinitionsArithmetic OperatorsComparison OperatorsThe IN OperatorNumeric ComparisonsThe IN Operator in Numeric ComparisonsCharacter Comparisons
The IN Operator in Character Comparisons
Logical (Boolean) Operators and ExpressionsThe AND OperatorThe OR OperatorThe NOT OperatorBoolean Numeric ExpressionsThe MIN and MAX OperatorsThe Concatenation OperatorOrder of Evaluation in Compound Expressions
Dates, Times, and Intervals
About SAS Date, Time, and Datetime ValuesDefinitionsTwo-Digit and Four-Digit YearsFive-Digit YearsThe Year 2000Working with SAS Dates and Times
Examples
About Date and Time Intervals (1/3)
DefinitionsSyntaxIntervals by CategoryExample: Calculating a DurationBoundaries of IntervalsSingle-Unit Intervals
About Date and Time Intervals (2/3)
Multi-Unit IntervalsShifted IntervalsCustom IntervalsRetail Calendar Intervals: ISO 8601 Compliant
About Date and Time Intervals (3/3)
Error Processing and Debugging
Types of Errors in SASSummary of Types of Errors That SAS RecognizesSyntax ErrorsSemantic Errors
Execution-Time Errors
Data Errors
Macro-related Errors
Error Processing in SAS (1/2)Syntax Check ModeProcessing Multiple ErrorsCheckpoint Mode and Restart Mode
Error Processing in SAS (2/2)
Using System Options to Control Error HandlingUsing Return CodesOther Error-Checking Options
Debugging Logic Errors in the DATA Step
SAS Output
Definitions for SAS Output
Routing and Customizing SAS Output
Default Output DestinationChanging the Output DestinationCustomizing Output
Sample SAS Output
Default HTML Output in the SAS Windowing EnvironmentTraditional SAS LISTING Output in the SAS Windowing Environment
The SAS Log (1/3)
Structure of the LogThe SAS Log in Interactive ModeThe SAS Log in Batch, Line, or Objectserver Modes
The SAS Log (2/3)
Writing to the Log in All ModesCustomizing the Log
The SAS Log (3/3)
By-Group Processing in SAS Programs
Definition of BY-Group ProcessingReferences for BY-Group Processing
WHERE-Expression Processing
Definition of WHERE-Expression Processing
Where to Use a WHERE Expression
Syntax of WHERE Expression (1/2)
WHERE Expression ContentsSpecifying an OperandSpecifying an Operator
Syntax of WHERE Expression (2/2)
Combining Expressions By Using Logical Operators
SyntaxProcessing Compound ExpressionsUsing Parentheses to Control Order of Evaluation
Improving Performance of WHERE Processing
Processing a Segment of Data That Is Conditionally SelectedApplying FIRSTOBS= and OBS= OptionsApplying FIRSTOBS= and OBS= to a Subset of DataProcessing a SAS View
Deciding Whether to Use a WHERE Expression or a Subsetting IF Statement
Optimizing System Performance
Definitions for Optimizing System Performance
Collecting and Interpreting Performance StatisticsUsing the FULLSTIMER and STIMER System Options
Interpreting FULLSTIMER and STIMER Statistics
Techniques for Optimizing I/O (1/2)Overview of Techniques for Optimizing I/OUsing WHERE ProcessingUsing DROP and KEEP StatementsUsing LENGTH StatementsUsing the OBS= and FIRSTOBS= Data Set OptionsCreating SAS Data SetsUsing IndexesAccessing Data through SAS ViewsUsing Engines EfficientlySetting System Options to Improve I/O Performance
Techniques for Optimizing I/O (2/2)
Setting VBUFSIZE= and OBSBUF= for SAS DATA Step ViewsUsing the SASFILE StatementUsing the DATASETS Procedure to Modify AttributesStoring Variables as Characters
Techniques for Optimizing Memory Usage
System OptionsUsing the BY Statement with PROC MEANSTechniques for Optimizing CPU PerformanceReducing CPU Time By Using More Memory or Reducing I/OStoring a Compiled Program for Computation-Intensive DATA StepsReducing Search Time for SAS Executable FilesSpecifying Variable LengthsUsing Parallel ProcessingReducing CPU Time By Modifying Program Compilation Optimization
Calculating Data Set Size
Support for Parallel Processing
Overview
What Is Threading Technology in SAS?
How Is Threading Controlled in SAS?
Threading in Base SAS
SAS/ACCESS Engines
SAS Scalable Performance Data ServerSAS Intelligence Platform
SAS High-Performance Analytics Portfolio of Products
SAS Grid Manager
SAS In-Database Technology
SAS In-Memory Analytics Technology
SAS High-Performance Analytics Product Integration
The SAS Registry
Introduction to the SAS RegistryWhat Is the SAS Registry?Who Should Use the SAS Registry?Where the SAS Registry Is StoredHow Do I Display the SAS Registry?Definitions for the SAS Registry
Managing the SAS Registry (1/2)
Primary Concerns about Managing the SAS RegistryBacking Up the Sasuser RegistryRecovering from Registry FailureUsing the SAS Registry to Control ColorUsing the Registry Editor
Managing the SAS Registry (2/2)
Configuring Your Registry
Configuring Universal PrintingConfiguring SAS ExplorerConfiguring Libraries and File Shortcuts with the SAS RegistryFixing Library Reference (Libref) Problems with the SAS Registry
Printing with SAS
Universal Printing (1/4)
What Is Universal Printing?Setting Up the Universal Printing Interface and the Default Printing EnvironmentUniversal Printing Output FormatsViewing Universal Printers and Printer PrototypesViewing Universal Printer SettingsModifying Universal Printing Printer SettingsUniversal Printing and ODS
Universal Printing (2/4)
Specifying the Page Orientation for Universal Printing DocumentsColor Support for Universal Printers
Universal Printing (3/4)
Universal Printing (4/4)
Embedding Non-Viewable Comments in Universal Printing Output
Configuring Universal Printing Using the Windowing Environment (1/4)
Overview of the Universal Printing MenuSetting Up Printers
Configuring Universal Printing Using the Windowing Environment (2/4)
Printing with Universal Printing
Configuring Universal Printing Using the Windowing Environment (3/4)
Working with PreviewersSet Page Properties
Configuring Universal Printing Using the Windowing Environment (4/4)
System Options That Control Universal Printing
Managing Universal Printers Using the PRTDEF Procedure (1/2)
About Using the PRTDEF ProcedureExamples of Creating New Printers and Previewers Using the PRTDEF Procedure
Managing Universal Printers Using the PRTDEF Procedure (2/2)
Forms Printing
Overview of Forms PrintingCreating or Editing a Form
Using Fonts with Universal Printers and SAS/GRAPH Devices (1/4)
Rendering FontsODS Styles and TrueType FontsPortability of TrueType FontsInternational Character SupportTrueType Fonts Supplied by SAS
Using Fonts with Universal Printers and SAS/GRAPH Devices (2/4)
Registering FontsListing the Registered Fonts for a DeviceUsing Fonts
Using Fonts with Universal Printers and SAS/GRAPH Devices (3/4)
Examples of Specifying Fonts and Printing International Characters
Using Fonts with Universal Printers and SAS/GRAPH Devices (4/4)
Creating EMF (Enhanced Metafile Format) Graphics Using Universal Printing
EMF Graphics in SASCreating an EMF GraphicExample of Creating an EMF Graphic Using the ODS PRINTER Statement
Creating GIF Images Using Universal Printing
GIF Images in SASCreating a GIF ImageExample of Creating a GIF Image Using the ODS PRINTER Statement
Creating PCL (Printer Command Language) Files Using Universal Printing
PCL Files in SASCreating a PCL File
Creating PDF Files Using Universal Printing
PDF Files in SASCreating a PDF FileExample of Creating a PDF Using the ODS PDF Statement
System Options That Affect PDF Output
Creating PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Files Using Universal PrintingPortable Network Graphics in SASThe PNG Universal PrintersCreating a PNG ImageExample of Creating a PNG File Using the ODS PRINTER StatementWeb Browsers and Viewers That Support PNG Files
Creating PostScript Files Using Universal Printing
PostScript Files in SASCreating a PostScript FileExample of Creating a PostScript File Using the ODS PS Statement
Creating SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) Files Using Universal Printing (1/6)
Overview of Scalable Vector Graphics in SASWeb Server Content Type for SVG DocumentsThe SVG Universal Printers and the Output That They CreateHow to Create SVG Documents
Creating SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) Files Using Universal Printing (2/6)
Browser Support for Viewing SVG DocumentsImages in SVG DocumentsSetting the Environment to Create Stand-alone SVG Documents
Creating SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) Files Using Universal Printing (3/6)
Creating Stand-alone SVG Documents Using the ODS PRINTER Destination
Creating SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) Files Using Universal Printing (4/6)
Creating SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) Files Using Universal Printing (5/6)
SVG Documents in HTML Files
Creating SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) Files Using Universal Printing (6/6)
Printing an SVG Document from a Browser
Creating TIFF Images Using Universal PrintingTIFF Images in SASThe TIFF Universal PrintersCreating a TIFF ImageExample of Creating a TIFF Image Using the ODS PRINTER Statement
Creating Animated GIF Images and SVG Documents (1/2)
About Animated GIF Images and SVG DocumentsAnimation System OptionsExample: Creating an Animated SVG Document
Creating Animated GIF Images and SVG Documents (2/2)
Windowing Environment Concepts
Introduction to the SAS Windowing Environment
What Is the SAS Windowing Environment?
Main Windows in the SAS Windowing Environment (1/2)
Overview of SAS WindowsSAS Explorer WindowEnhanced Editor WindowLog WindowResults Window
Main Windows in the SAS Windowing Environment (2/2)
Output Window
Navigating in the SAS Windowing Environment
Overview of SAS NavigationMenus in SASToolbars in SAS
The Command Line
Getting Help in SASType Help in the Command LineOpen the Help Menu from the Toolbar
Click Help in Individual SAS Windows
List of SAS Windows and Window Commands
Managing Your Data in the SAS Windowing Environment
Introduction to Managing Your Data in the SAS Windowing Environment
Managing Data with SAS ExplorerIntroduction to Managing Data with SAS ExplorerViewing Libraries and Data SetsAssign File ShortcutsRename a SAS Data SetCopy or Duplicate a SAS Data SetSorting Data Sets in a LibraryView the Properties of a SAS Data Set
Working with VIEWTABLE (1/2)
Overview of VIEWTABLEOpening a SAS Data Set in a VIEWTABLE WindowDisplaying Table Headers as Names or LabelsCustomizing SAS Explorer for Opening the VIEWTABLE WindowOrder of Precedence for How Column Headings Are DisplayedMapping the VIEWTABLE Command to a Function Key
Working with VIEWTABLE (2/2)
Temporarily Change Column HeadingsMove Columns in a TableSort by Values of a ColumnEdit Cell Values
Subsetting Data By Using the WHERE Expression
Subset Rows of a TableClear the WHERE Expression
Exporting a Subset of Data
Overview of Exporting DataExport Data
Importing Data into a Table
Overview of Importing DataImport a Standard FileImport a Nonstandard File
DATA Step Concepts
DATA Step Processing
Why Use a DATA Step?
Overview of DATA Step Processing
Flow of ActionThe Compilation PhaseThe Execution Phase
Processing a DATA Step: A Walk-through
Sample DATA StepCreating the Input Buffer and the Program Data VectorReading a RecordWriting an Observation to the SAS Data SetReading the Next RecordWhen the DATA Step Finishes Executing
About DATA Step Execution (1/2)
The Default Sequence of Execution in the DATA StepChanging the Default Sequence of ExecutionStep Boundary—How to Know When Statements Take Effect
About DATA Step Execution (2/2)
What Causes a DATA Step to Stop Executing
About Creating a SAS Data Set with a DATA Step
Creating a SAS Data File or a SAS ViewSources of Input DataReading Raw Data: ExamplesReading Data from SAS Data SetsGenerating Data from Programming Statements
Writing a Report with a DATA Step (1/2)
Example 1: Creating a Report without Creating a Data SetExample 2: Creating a Customized Report
Writing a Report with a DATA Step (2/2)
Example 3: Creating an HTML Report Using ODS and the DATA Step
The DATA Step and ODS
DATA Step Processing Time
Reading Raw Data
Definition of Reading Raw Data
Ways to Read Raw Data
Types of Data
DefinitionsNumeric DataCharacter Data
Sources of Raw Data
Instream DataInstream Data Containing Semicolons
External Files
Reading Raw Data with the INPUT Statement (1/2)Choosing an Input StyleList InputModified List InputColumn InputFormatted InputNamed InputAdditional Data-Reading Features
Reading Raw Data with the INPUT Statement (2/2)
How SAS Handles Invalid Data
Reading Missing Values in Raw DataRepresenting Missing Values in Input DataSpecial Missing Values in Numeric Input Data
Reading Binary Data
DefinitionsUsing Binary Informats
Reading Column-Binary Data
DefinitionHow to Read Column-Binary DataDescription of Column-Binary Data Storage
BY-Group Processing in the DATA Step
Definitions for BY-Group Processing
Syntax for BY-Group Processing
Understanding BY Groups
BY Groups with a Single BY VariableBY Groups with Multiple BY Variables
Invoking BY-Group Processing
Determining Whether the Data Requires Preprocessing for BY-Group Processing
Preprocessing Input Data for BY-Group ProcessingSorting Observations for BY-Group Processing
Indexing for BY-Group Processing
How the DATA Step Identifies BY GroupsProcessing Observations in a BY GroupUsing a Name Literal as the BY-Group VariableHow SAS Determines FIRST.variable and LAST.variableExample 1: Grouping Observations by State, City, ZIP code, and StreetExample 2: Grouping Observations by City, State, ZIP code, and StreetExample 3: A Change Affecting FIRST.variable
Processing BY-Groups in the DATA Step (1/2)
OverviewProcessing BY-Groups ConditionallyData Not in Alphabetic or Numeric OrderData Grouped by Formatted ValuesExample 1: Using GROUPFORMAT with FormatsExample 2: Using GROUPFORMAT with Formats
Processing BY-Groups in the DATA Step (2/2)
Reading, Combining, and Modifying SAS Data Sets
Definitions for Reading, Combining, and Modifying SAS Data Sets
Overview of Tools
Reading SAS Data SetsReading a Single SAS Data SetReading from Multiple SAS Data SetsControlling the Reading and Writing of Variables and Observations
Combining SAS Data Sets: Basic Concepts (1/2)
What You Need to Know Before Combining Information Stored in Multiple SAS Data SetsThe Four Ways That Data Can Be RelatedAccess Methods: Sequential versus DirectOverview of Methods for Combining SAS Data Sets
Combining SAS Data Sets: Basic Concepts (2/2)
Overview of Tools for Combining SAS Data SetsHow to Prepare Your Data Sets
Combining SAS Data Sets: Methods (1/6)
ConcatenatingInterleaving
Combining SAS Data Sets: Methods (2/6)
One-to-One Reading
Combining SAS Data Sets: Methods (3/6)
One-to-One Merging
Combining SAS Data Sets: Methods (4/6)
Match-Merging
Combining SAS Data Sets: Methods (5/6)
Updating with the UPDATE and the MODIFY Statements
Combining SAS Data Sets: Methods (6/6)
Error Checking When Using Indexes to Randomly Access or Update Data (1/2)
The Importance of Error CheckingError-Checking ToolsExample 1: Routing Execution When an Unexpected Condition OccursExample 2: Using Error Checking on All Statements That Use KEY=
Error Checking When Using Indexes to Randomly Access or Update Data (2/2)
Using DATA Step Component Objects
Introduction to DATA Step Component Objects
Using the Hash Object (1/3)
Why Use the Hash Object?Declaring and Instantiating a Hash ObjectInitializing Hash Object Data Using a ConstructorDefining Keys and DataNon-Unique Key and Data PairsStoring and Retrieving Data
Using the Hash Object (2/3)
Maintaining Key SummariesReplacing and Removing Data in the Hash Object
Using the Hash Object (3/3)
Saving Hash Object Data in a Data SetComparing Hash ObjectsUsing Hash Object Attributes
Using the Hash Iterator Object
About the Hash Iterator ObjectDeclaring and Instantiating a Hash Iterator ObjectExample: Retrieving Hash Object Data By Using the Hash Iterator
Using the Java Object (1/5)
About the Java ObjectCLASSPATH and Java OptionsRestrictions and Requirements for Using the Java ObjectDeclaring and Instantiating a Java ObjectAccessing Object FieldsAccessing Object MethodsType Issues
Using the Java Object (2/5)
Java Objects and ArraysPassing Java Object ArgumentsJava ExceptionsJava Standard OutputJava Object Examples
Using the Java Object (3/5)
Using the Java Object (4/5)
Using the Java Object (5/5)
Array Processing
Definitions for Array Processing
A Conceptual View of ArraysOne-Dimensional Array
Two-Dimensional Array
Syntax for Defining and Referencing an Array
Processing Simple Arrays
Grouping Variables in a Simple ArrayUsing a DO Loop to Repeat an ActionUsing a DO Loop to Process Selected Elements in an ArraySelecting the Current VariableDefining the Number of Elements in an ArrayRules for Referencing Arrays
Variations on Basic Array Processing
Determining the Number of Elements in an Array EfficientlyDO WHILE and DO UNTIL Expressions
Using Variable Lists to Define an Array Quickly
Multidimensional Arrays: Creating and ProcessingGrouping Variables in a Multidimensional ArrayUsing Nested DO Loops
Specifying Array Bounds
Identifying Upper and Lower BoundsDetermining Array Bounds: LBOUND and HBOUND FunctionsWhen to Use the HBOUND Function Instead of the DIM Function
Specifying Bounds in a Two-Dimensional Array
Examples of Array Processing (1/2)Example 1: Using Character Variables in an ArrayExample 2: Assigning Initial Values to the Elements of an ArrayExample 3: Creating an Array for Temporary Use in the Current DATA StepExample 4: Performing an Action on All Numeric Variables
Examples of Array Processing (2/2)
SAS Files Concepts
SAS Libraries
Definition of a SAS Library
Library Engines
Library NamesPhysical Names and Logical Names (Librefs)Assigning LibrefsAssociating and Clearing Logical Names (Librefs) with the LIBNAME StatementReserved LibrefsAccessing Remote SAS Libraries on SAS/CONNECT, SAS/SHARE, and WebDAV Servers
Library Concatenation
Definition of Library ConcatenationHow SAS Concatenates Library MembersRules for Library Concatenation
Permanent and Temporary Libraries
Definition of a Metadata-Bound Library
SAS System LibrariesIntroduction to SAS System LibrariesWork LibraryUser LibrarySashelp LibrarySasuser Library
Sequential Data Libraries
Tools for Managing LibrariesSAS UtilitiesLibrary DirectoriesAccessing Permanent SAS Files without a LibrefOperating Environment Commands
SAS Data Sets
Definition of a SAS Data Set
Descriptor Information for a SAS Data Set
Data Set Names
Where to Use Data Set NamesHow and When SAS Data Set Names Are AssignedParts of a Data Set NameTwo-level SAS Data Set NamesOne-level SAS Data Set Names
Data Set Lists
Special SAS Data Sets
Null Data SetsDefault Data SetsAutomatic Naming Convention
Sorted Data Sets (1/2)
The Sort Indicator
Sorted Data Sets (2/2)
How SAS Uses the Sort Indicator to Improve PerformanceValidating That a Data Set Is Sorted
Tools for Managing Data Sets
Viewing and Editing SAS Data Sets
SAS Data Files
Definition of a SAS Data File
Differences between Data Files and SAS Views
Understanding the Observation Count in a SAS Data File
Definition of the Observation CountMaximum Observation CountSAS Processing When the Maximum Observation Count Is ReachedRecovering from an Exceeded Maximum Observation Count
Understanding an Audit Trail (1/2)
Definition of an Audit TrailAudit Trail DescriptionDefining and Using User VariablesOperation in a Shared EnvironmentPerformance ImplicationsPreservation by Other OperationsProgramming ConsiderationsOther ConsiderationsInitiating an Audit TrailControlling the Audit TrailReading and Determining the Status of the Audit Trail
Understanding an Audit Trail (2/2)
Audit Trails and CEDA ProcessingExamples of Using Audit Trails
Understanding Generation Data Sets (1/2)
Definition of Generation Data SetTerminology for Generation Data SetsInvoking Generation Data SetsUnderstanding How a Generation Group Is MaintainedProcessing Specific Versions of a Generation GroupManaging Generation Groups
Understanding Generation Data Sets (2/2)
Understanding Integrity Constraints (1/3)
Definition of Integrity ConstraintsGeneral and Referential Integrity ConstraintsPreservation of Integrity ConstraintsIndexes and Integrity ConstraintsLocking Integrity ConstraintsEncryption and Integrity ConstraintsSpecifying Integrity Constraints
Understanding Integrity Constraints (2/3)
Specifying Physical Location for Inter-Libref Referential Integrity Constraints When Sharing Disk SpaceListing Integrity ConstraintsRejected ObservationsIntegrity Constraints and CEDA ProcessingExamples
Understanding Integrity Constraints (3/3)
Understanding SAS Indexes (1/5)
Definition of SAS IndexesBenefits of an IndexThe Index FileTypes of IndexesDeciding Whether to Create an Index
Understanding SAS Indexes (2/5)
Guidelines for Creating IndexesCreating an Index
Understanding SAS Indexes (3/5)
Using an Index for WHERE Processing
Understanding SAS Indexes (4/5)
Using an Index for BY ProcessingUsing an Index for Both WHERE and BY ProcessingSpecifying an Index with the KEY= Option for SET and MODIFY StatementsTaking Advantage of an IndexProcedures and SAS Operations That Maintain Indexes
Understanding SAS Indexes (5/5)
Extended Attributes
DefinitionEnabling and Manipulating Extended Attributes
Compressing Data Files
Definition of CompressionRequesting CompressionDisabling a Compression Request
Extending the Observation Count for a 32-Bit SAS Data File (1/2)
Definition of Extended Observation CountUnderstanding the Extended Observation CountUsing the EXTENDOBSCOUNTER= OptionRecovering from an Exceeded Maximum Observation CountExtended Observation Count File AttributeExtended Observation Count Behavior ConsiderationsExtending the Observation Count in a 64-Bit Operating EnvironmentWhen Extending the Observation Count Is Supported
Extending the Observation Count for a 32-Bit SAS Data File (2/2)
SAS Views
Definition of SAS Views
Benefits of Using SAS Views
When to Use SAS Views
DATA Step ViewsDefinition of a DATA Step ViewCreating DATA Step ViewsWhat Can You Do with a DATA Step View?Differences between DATA Step Views and Stored Compiled DATA Step ProgramsRestrictions and RequirementsPerformance ConsiderationsExample 1: Merging Data to Produce ReportsExample 2: Producing Additional Output Files
PROC SQL Views
Comparing DATA Step and PROC SQL Views
SAS/ACCESS Views
Stored Compiled DATA Step Programs
Definition of a Stored Compiled DATA Step Program
Uses for Stored Compiled DATA Step Programs
Restrictions and Requirements for Stored Compiled DATA Step ProgramsHow SAS Processes Stored Compiled DATA Step Programs
Creating a Stored Compiled DATA Step Program
Syntax for Creating a Stored Compiled DATA Step ProgramProcess to Compile and Store a DATA Step ProgramExample: Creating a Stored Compiled DATA Step Program
Executing a Stored Compiled DATA Step Program
Syntax for Executing a Stored Compiled DATA Step ProgramProcess to Execute a Stored Compiled DATA Step ProgramUsing Global StatementsRedirecting OutputPrinting the Source Code of a Stored Compiled DATA Step ProgramExample: Executing a Stored Compiled DATA Step Program
Differences between Stored Compiled DATA Step Programs and DATA Step Views
Example of DATA Step Program
Quality Control Application
DICTIONARY Tables
Definition of a DICTIONARY Table
How to View DICTIONARY Tables
About Dictionary TablesHow to View a DICTIONARY TableHow to View a Summary of a DICTIONARY TableHow to View a Subset of a DICTIONARY TableDICTIONARY Tables and Performance
SAS Catalogs
Definition of a SAS CatalogSAS Catalog NamesParts of a Catalog Name
Accessing Information in Catalogs
Tools for Managing SAS Catalogs
Profile Catalog
Definition of a Profile CatalogHow the Information Is UsedHow Sasuser.Profile Is CreatedDefault Settings
How to Recover Locked or Corrupt Profile Catalogs
Catalog ConcatenationDefinitionsExample 1: LIBNAME Catalog ConcatenationExample 2: CATNAME Catalog ConcatenationRules for Catalog Concatenation
About SAS/ACCESS Software
Definition of SAS/ACCESS Software
Dynamic LIBNAME Engine
SAS/ACCESS LIBNAME StatementUsing Data Set Options with SAS/ACCESS LibrefsEmbedding a SAS/ACCESS LIBNAME Statement in a PROC SQL View
SQL Procedure Pass-Through Facility
ACCESS Procedure and Interface View Engine
DBLOAD Procedure
Interface DATA Step Engine
Processing Data Using Cross-Environment Data Access (CEDA)
Definition of Cross-Environment Data Access (CEDA)
Advantages of CEDA
SAS File Processing with CEDAWhat Types of Processing Does CEDA Support?Behavioral Differences for Output ProcessingRestrictions for CEDAUnderstanding When CEDA Is Used to Process a FileDetermining Whether Update Processing Is Allowed
Alternatives to Using CEDA
Creating Files in a Different Data Representation
Examples of Using CEDAExample 1: Automatically Processing a FileExample 2: Creating a New File in a Different Data RepresentationExample 3: Changing the Data Representation of an Existing File
SAS 9.4 Compatibility with SAS Files from Earlier Releases
Introduction to Version Compatibility
Comparing SAS 9 to Earlier Releases
SAS 9 File FormatSAS 9 File Extensions
Using SAS Library Engines
File Protection
Definition of a Password
Assigning PasswordsSyntaxAssigning a Password with a DATA Step
Assigning a Password to an Existing Data Set
Assigning a Password with a ProcedureAssigning a Password with the SAS Windowing EnvironmentAssigning a Password outside of SASRemoving or Changing Passwords
Using Password-Protected SAS Files in DATA and PROC Steps
How SAS Handles Incorrect Passwords
Assigning Complete Protection with the PW= Data Set Option
Encoded Passwords
Using Passwords with ViewsLevels of ProtectionPROC SQL Views
SAS/ACCESS Views
DATA Step ViewsSAS Data File EncryptionAbout Encryption on SAS Data FilesSAS Proprietary EncryptionAES Encryption
AES Encryption and Referential Integrity Constraints
Passwords and Encryption with Generation Data Sets, Audit Trails, Indexes, and CopiesBlotting Passwords and Encryption Key ValuesCheck the SAS LogExamples of Passwords and Encryption Keys That Are Not Blotted
Using Macros
Length of PasswordsMetadata-Bound Libraries
SAS Engines
Definition of a SAS EngineSpecifying an Engine
How Engines Work with SAS Files
Engine Characteristics
About Engine CharacteristicsRead/Write ActivityAccess PatternsLevels of LockingIndexing
About Library Engines
Definition of a Library EngineNative Library Engines
Interface Library Engines
Special-Purpose EnginesCharacter Variable Padding (CVP) EngineSAS Information Maps LIBNAME EngineSAS JMP LIBNAME EngineSAS Metadata LIBNAME EngineSAS XML LIBNAME Engine
SAS File Management
Improving Performance of SAS ApplicationsMoving SAS Files between Operating Environments
Repairing Damaged SAS Files
Detecting Damage to SAS FilesRecovering SAS Data FilesRecovering IndexesRecovering Disabled Indexes and Integrity ConstraintsRecovering Catalogs
External Files
Definition of External Files
Referencing External Files Directly
Referencing External Files Indirectly
Referencing Many External Files Efficiently
Referencing External Files with Other Access Methods
Working with External Files
Reading External FilesWriting to External FilesProcessing External Files
Industry Protocols Used in SAS
The SMTP E-Mail Interface
Sending E-Mail through SMTP
System Options That Control SMTP E-Mail
Statements That Control SMTP E-mail
FILENAME StatementFILE and PUT Statements
Universal Unique Identifiers
Universal Unique Identifiers and the Object SpawnerWhat Is a Universal Unique Identifier?What Is the Object Spawner?Defining the UUID Generator DaemonInstalling the UUID Generator Daemon
Using SAS Language Elements to Assign UUIDs
Overview of Using SAS Language Elements to Assign UUIDsUUIDGEN FunctionUUIDCOUNT= System OptionUUIDGENDHOST System Option
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Overview of IPv6
IPv6 Address Format
Examples of IPv6 AddressesExample of Full and Collapsed IPv6 AddressExample of an IPv6 Address That Includes a Port Number
Example of an IPv6 Address That Includes a URL
Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN)
Recommended Reading
Glossary (1/7)
Glossary (2/7)
Glossary (3/7)
Glossary (4/7)
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Content preview from SAS 9.4 Language Reference, 5th Edition

patterns of instruction and replaces them with more efficient sequences, and also

performs optimizations that pertain to the SAS register. In most cases, performing the

code-generation optimization is preferable. If you have a large DATA step program,

performing code generation optimization can result in a significant increase in

compilation time and overall execution time.

You can reduce or turn off the code generation optimization by using the

CGOPTIMIZE= system option. Set the code generation optimization that you want SAS

to perform using these CGOPTIMIZE= system option values:

0 performs no optimization during code compilation.

1 specifies ...

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SAS 9.4 Language Reference, Second Edition

Publisher Resources

ISBN: 9781629598857

Cloud Computing

Data Engineering

Data Science

AI & ML

Programming Languages

Software Architecture

IT/Ops

Security

Design

Business

Soft Skills

SAS 9.4 Language Reference, 5th Edition

by SAS Institute

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