book

SAS® Macro Programming Made Easy, Second Edition

Name: SAS® Macro Programming Made Easy, Second Edition
Author: Michele M. Burlew
ISBN: 9781590478820

by Michele M. Burlew

March 2007

Beginner

426 pages

8h 13m

English

SAS Institute

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Copyright
Praise from the Experts
Preface
How Can This Book Help You Understand the SAS Macro Facility?About the Data and Programs in This BookThe Typographical Styles in This Book
Acknowledgments
1. Understanding the Concepts and Features of Macro Programming
1. Introduction
What Is the SAS Macro Facility?1.1. Using a Macro Variable to Select Observations to Process1.2. Using a Macro Program to Execute the Same PROC Step on Multiple Data SetsWhat Are the Advantages of the SAS Macro Facility?1.3. Defining and Using Macro VariablesWhere Can the SAS Macro Facility Be Used?Examples of the SAS Macro Facility1.4. Displaying System Information1.5. Conditional Processing of SAS Steps1.6. Iterative Processing of SAS Steps1.7. Passing Information between Program Steps1.8. Interfacing Macro Language and SAS Language Functions1.9. Building and Saving a Library of Utility Routines
2. Mechanics of Macro Processing
IntroductionThe Vocabulary of SAS ProcessingSAS Processing without Macro ActivityUnderstanding TokensTokenizing a SAS ProgramComparing Macro Language Processing and SAS Language ProcessingProcessing a SAS Program That Contains Macro Language
3. Macro Variables
IntroductionBasic Concepts of Macro VariablesReferencing Macro Variables3.1. Defining and Referencing Macro VariablesUnderstanding Macro Variable Resolution and the Use of Single and Double Quotation Marks3.2. Resolving Macro Variables Enclosed in Quotation MarksDisplaying Macro Variable ValuesUsing the %PUT Statement3.3. Submitting %PUT _AUTOMATIC_3.4. Submitting %PUT _GLOBAL_3.5. Submitting %PUT Statements to Display Text and Macro Variable ValuesDisplaying Macro Variable Values As They Resolve by Enabling the SYMBOLGEN Option3.6. Displaying Macro Variable Values with the SYMBOLGEN OptionUnderstanding Automatic Macro Variables3.7. Using Automatic VariablesUnderstanding User-Defined Macro VariablesCreating Macro Variables with the %LET Statement3.8. Using the %LET StatementCombining Macro Variables with TextPlacing Text before a Macro Variable Reference3.9. Placing Text before a Macro Variable ReferencePlacing Text after a Macro Variable Reference3.10. Placing Text after a Macro Variable ReferenceConcatenating Permanent SAS Data Set Names and Catalog Names with Macro Variables3.11. Referencing Permanent SAS Data Set Names and Macro VariablesReferencing Macro Variables IndirectlyResolving Two Ampersands That Precede a Macro Variable ReferenceResolving Multiple Ampersands before a Macro Variable Reference
4. Macro Programs
IntroductionCreating Macro ProgramsExecuting a Macro ProgramDisplaying Notes about Macro Program Compilation in the SAS LogDisplaying Messages about Macro Program Processing in the SAS LogUsing MPRINT to Display the SAS Statements Submitted by a Macro ProgramUsing the MLOGIC Option to Trace Execution of a Macro ProgramPassing Values to a Macro Program through Macro ParametersSpecifying Positional Parameters in Macro Programs4.1. Defining a Macro Program with Positional ParametersSpecifying Keyword Parameters in Macro Programs4.2. Defining a Macro Program with Keyword ParametersSpecifying Mixed Parameter Lists in Macro Programs4.3. Defining a Macro Program with Positional Parameters and Keyword ParametersDefining a Macro Program That Can Accept a Varying Number of Parameter Values4.4. Defining a Macro Program with the PARMBUFF Option
5. Understanding Macro Symbol Tables and the Processing of Macro Programs
IntroductionUnderstanding Macro Symbol TablesUnderstanding the Global Macro Symbol TableUnderstanding Local Macro Symbol TablesWorking with Global Macro Variables and Local Macro VariablesDefining the Domain of a Macro Variable by Using the %GLOBAL or %LOCAL Macro Language StatementsProcessing of Macro ProgramsHow a Macro Program Is CompiledHow a Macro Program Is Executed

6. Macro Language Functions
IntroductionMacro Character Functions6.1. Using %SUBSTR to Extract Text from a Macro Variable Value6.2. Using %SCAN to Extract the Nth Item from a Macro Variable Value6.3. Using %UPCASE to Convert a Macro Variable Value to UppercaseMacro Evaluation FunctionsMacro Quoting FunctionsMacro Variable Attribute Functions6.4. Using Macro Variable Attribute Functions to Determine Domain and Existence of Macro VariablesOther Macro FunctionsUsing the %SYSFUNC and %QSYSFUNC Macro Functions6.5. Using %SYSFUNC to Format a Date in the TITLE Statement6.6. Using %SYSFUNC to Execute a SAS Language Function and Assign the Result to a Macro Variable6.7. Using %SYSFUNC and the NOTNAME and NVALID SAS Language Functions to Determine If a Value Is a Valid SAS Variable Name6.8. Using %SYSFUNC to Apply a SAS Statistical Function to Macro Variable Values6.9. Using the %SYSFUNC Function to Apply Several SAS Language Functions That Obtain and Display Information about a Data SetSAS Supplied Autocall Macro Programs Used Like Functions6.10. Determining with %VERIFY and %UPCASE If a Value Is in a Defined Set of Characters
7. Macro Expressions and Macro Programming Statements
IntroductionMacro Language StatementsConstructing Macro ExpressionsUnderstanding Arithmetic ExpressionsUnderstanding Logical ExpressionsUnderstanding the IN Operator As Used in Macro Language StatementsConditional Processing with the Macro Language7.1. Using Logical Expressions7.2. Using Macro Language to Select SAS Steps for Processing7.3. Using %IF-%THEN/%ELSE Statements to Modify and Select Statements within a Step7.4. Writing %IF-%THEN/%ELSE Statements That Use the IN OperatorIterative Processing with the Macro LanguageWriting Iterative %DO Loops in the Macro Language7.5. Building PROC Steps with Iterative %DO Loops7.6. Building SAS Statements within a Step with Iterative %DO LoopsConditional Iteration with %DO %UNTIL7.7. Building SAS Steps with %DO %UNTIL LoopsConditional Iteration with %DO %WHILE7.8. Building SAS Steps with %DO %WHILE LoopsBranching in Macro Processing7.9. Using %GOTO to Branch in a Macro Program
8. Masking Special Characters and Mnemonic Operators
IntroductionWhy Are Quoting Functions Called Quoting Functions?Illustrating the Need for Macro Quoting FunctionsDescribing the Commonly Used Macro Quoting Functions%STR and %NRSTR%BQUOTE and %NRBQUOTE%SUPERQ%QUOTE and %NRQUOTEUnderstanding How Macro Quoting Functions WorkApplying Macro Quoting Functions8.1. Using %STR to Prevent Interpretation of the Semicolon As a SAS Statement Terminator8.2. Using %STR to Prevent Interpretation of the Comma As an Argument Delimiter8.3. Using %STR to Preserve Leading and Trailing Blanks8.4. Using %NRSTR to Mask Macro Triggers8.5. Using %STR and %BQUOTE to Mask Unbalanced Quotation Marks and Preceding Percent Signs8.6. Masking Macro Triggers and Unbalanced Quotation Marks with %NRSTR and Preceding Percent Signs8.7. Using %BQUOTE to Prevent Interpretation of Mnemonic Operators8.8. Using %SUPERQ to Prevent Resolution of Special Characters in a Macro Variable ValueSpecifying Macro Program Parameters That Contain Special Characters or Mnemonic Operators8.9. Masking Special Characters in Parameter Values8.10. Masking Equal Signs in Parameter Values to Prevent Misinterpretation of Positional Parameters as Keyword Parameters8.11. Masking Special Characters and Mnemonic Operators in Parameter ValuesUnmasking Text and the %UNQUOTE Function8.12. Using %UNQUOTE to Cause Interpretation of a Masked CharacterUsing Quoting Versions of Macro Character Functions and Autocall Macro Programs8.13. Using %QSYSFUNC to Mask the Result from Applying a SAS Language Function8.14. Using %QSUBSTR to Mask the Results of %SUBSTR
9. Interfaces to the Macro Facility
IntroductionUnderstanding DATA Step Interfaces to the Macro FacilityUnderstanding the SYMGET and SYMGETN Functions9.1. Using a Data Set Variable Name As the Argument to the SYMGET Function9.2. Retrieving Macro Variable Values and Creating Numeric Data Set Variables with SYMGETN9.3. Using the Resolution of a Character Expression As an Argument to SYMGETUnderstanding the SYMPUT and SYMPUTX Call Routines9.4. Saving the Sum of a Variable in a Macro Variable by Executing CALL SYMPUT Once at the End of a DATA Step9.5. Executing CALL SYMPUTX Multiple Times in a DATA Step9.6. Creating Several Macro Variables with CALL SYMPUT and CALL SYMPUTX9.7. Creating a Macro Variable with CALL SYMPUTX and Specifying Its Symbol TableUnderstanding the CALL EXECUTE Routine9.8. Illustrating the Timing of CALL EXECUTE When It Invokes a Macro Program That Submits Macro Statements9.9. Illustrating the Timing of CALL EXECUTE When It Invokes a Macro Program That Submits Macro Statements and a PROC Step9.10. Using CALL EXECUTE to Conditionally Call a Macro Program9.11. Using CALL EXECUTE to Call a Specific Macro ProgramUnderstanding the RESOLVE Function9.12. Obtaining Macro Variable Values with RESOLVE by Resolving Character Expressions9.13. Using RESOLVE to Call a Macro Program within a DATA Step That Assigns Text to a Data Set VariableUsing Macro Facility Features in PROC SQLCreating and Updating Macro Variables with PROC SQL9.14. Using the INTO Clause in PROC SQL to Save Summarizations in Macro Variables9.15. Demonstrating the Default Action of the INTO Clause in Saving the First Row of a Table9.16. Using the INTO Clause in PROC SQL to Create a Macro Variable for Each Row in a Table9.17. Storing All Unique Values of a Table Column in One Macro Variable with PROC SQL9.18. Storing All Values of a PROC SQL Dictionary Table Column in One Macro VariableUsing the Macro Variables Created by PROC SQL9.19. Using the PROC SQL SQLOBS Automatic Macro VariableDisplaying Macro Option Settings with PROC SQL and Dictionary Tables9.20. Accessing Macro Option Settings with PROC SQL and Dictionary Tables9.21. Accessing Macro Variable Characteristics with PROC SQL and Dictionary TablesUsing Macro Facility Features in SAS Component LanguageUsing the Macro Facility to Pass Information between SCL Programs9.22. Creating a Macro Variable in an SCL ProgramReferencing Macro Variables in SUBMIT Blocks9.23. Using SUBMIT Blocks That Contain Macro Variables
2. Applying Your Knowledge of Macro Programming
10. Storing and Reusing Macro Programs
IntroductionSaving Macro Programs with the Autocall FacilityCreating an Autocall LibraryMaking Autocall Libraries Available to Your ProgramsMaintaining Access to the Autocall Macro Programs That Ship with SASDefining Filerefs under Windows XP and Using Them to Identify Autocall LibrariesExplicitly Specifying the Directory Locations of Autocall Libraries on the OPTIONS StatementIdentifying Autocall Libraries That Are Stored in SAS CatalogsListing the Names of the Autocall Libraries That Are Defined in the SAS SessionUsing the Autocall Facility under Windows, MVS/TSO, and Other Directory-Based SystemsUsing the Autocall Facility under MVS BatchUsing the Autocall Facility under TSOUsing the Autocall Facility under UNIXUsing the Autocall Facility under OpenVMSSaving Macro Programs with the Stored Compiled Macro FacilitySetting SAS Options to Create Stored Compiled Macro ProgramsCreating Stored Compiled Macro Programs10.1. Creating a Stored Compiled Macro ProgramSaving and Retrieving the Source Code of a Stored Compiled Macro Program10.2. Saving the Source Code of a Stored Compiled Macro ProgramEncrypting a Stored Compiled Macro Program10.3. Encrypting a Stored Compiled Macro ProgramResolving Macro Program References When Using the Autocall Facility and the Stored Compiled Macro Facility
11. Building a Library of Utilities
IntroductionWriting a Macro Program to Behave Like a Function11.1. Examining Specific Data Set Characteristics11.2. Editing Character Data for ComparisonsProgramming Routine Tasks11.3. Standardizing RTF Output11.4. Documenting Characteristics of a Data Set
12. Debugging Macro Programming and Adding Error Checking to Macro Programs
IntroductionUnderstanding the Types of Errors That Can Occur in Macro ProgrammingMinimizing Errors in Developing SAS Programs That Contain Macro LanguageCategorizing and Checking for Common Problems in Macro ProgrammingUnderstanding the Tools That Can Debug Macro ProgrammingUsing SAS System Options to Debug Macro ProgrammingUsing Macro Language Statements to Debug Macro ProgrammingUsing Macro Functions to Debug Macro ProgrammingUsing Automatic Macro Variables to Debug Macro ProgrammingExamples of Solving Errors in Macro Programming12.1. Reviewing System Options When Macro Facility Warnings and Error Messages Are Absent12.2. Attempting to Process a Macro Program When the Macro Processor Does Not Detect a %MEND Statement12.3. Tracing Problems in Expression Evaluation with the %PUT Statement and the MLOGIC System Option12.4. Using %PUT to Trace a Problem at Execution12.5. Finding a Logic Error in the Execution of a Macro Program with the MLOGIC Option12.6. Using the MPRINT Option to Find Errors in SAS Language That Was Generated by Macro LanguageImproving Your Macro Programming by Including Error Checking12.7. Evaluating Parameter Values12.8. Reviewing SAS Processing Messages12.9. Reviewing SAS Processing Results
13. A Stepwise Method for Writing Macro Programs
IntroductionBuilding a Macro Program in Four StepsApplying the Four Steps to an ExampleStep 1: Write, test, and debug the SAS program(s) that you want the macro program to buildProgram for Report A with No Macro Facility FeaturesProgram for Report B with No Macro Facility FeaturesProgram for Report C with No Macro Facility FeaturesStep 2: Remove hard-coded programming constants from the program(s) in Step 1 and replace these constants with macro variablesProgram for Report A with Step 2 ModificationsProgram for Report B with Step 2 ModificationsProgram for Report C with Step 2 ModificationsStep 3: Create macro program(s) from the program(s) in Step 2Program for Report A with Step 3 ModificationsProgram for Report B with Step 3 ModificationsProgram for Report C with Step 3 ModificationsStep 4: Refine and generalize the macro program(s) in Step 3 by adding macro language statements like %IF-%THEN and %DO groupsExecuting the REPORT Macro ProgramObtaining the Contents of Report A Using the REPORT Macro ProgramObtaining the Contents of Report B Using the REPORT Macro ProgramObtaining the Contents of Report C Using the REPORT Macro ProgramEnhancing the Macro Program REPORT
3. Appendixes
A. Abridged Macro Language Reference
Selected SAS Options Used with the Macro FacilityAutomatic Macro VariablesMacro FunctionsMacro Language StatementsPROC SQL Interface to the Macro FacilitySAS Functions and Routines That Interface with the Macro Facility
B. Reserved Words in the Macro Facility
C. Sample Data Set
D. Reference to Programs in This Book
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Content preview from SAS® Macro Programming Made Easy, Second Edition

Chapter 6. Macro Language Functions

Introduction	133
Macro Character Functions	134
Macro Evaluation Functions	138
Macro Quoting Functions	140
Macro Variable Attribute Functions	143
Other Macro Functions	147
SAS Supplied Autocall Macro Programs Used Like Functions	154

Introduction

The preceding chapters describe the basic structures of the macro programming language and the mechanics involved in processing macro language. This chapter describes the functions that are available in the macro programming language.

Macro functions greatly extend the use of macro variables and macro programming. Macro functions can be used in open code and in macro programs. The arguments of a macro function can be text strings, macro variables, macro functions, and macro program calls. ...

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SAS® Macro Programming Made Easy, Second Edition

by Michele M. Burlew

Chapter 6. Macro Language Functions

Introduction

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