May 2025
Intermediate to advanced
248 pages
3h 18m
Chinese
Content preview from 实用 Linux 系统管理
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第 6 章 安装和卸载软件 安装和卸载软件
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安装和卸载软件是系统管理员的基本任务。您可能不会每天都执行这些任务，但这些都是您和您的团队要完成的常规任务。最常见的是安装更新，这可以自动完成。您安装的任何新软件都应附有业务理由、变更控制记录以及请求方对安全影响（如有）的书面理解。安装存在已知漏洞的软件是恶意行为者入侵系统的便捷途径。
卸载软件也需要变更控制记录，因为删除其他关键系统或服务功能所需的软件包、目录或库有潜在危险。
有三种软件安装方法：使用软件包管理器从软件源安装、安装下载到本地文件系统的单个软件包以及编译源代码。本章将介绍所有三种方法。卸载软件有两种标准方法：使用软件包管理工具；如果是编译软件，则使用卸载程序。第三种非标准卸载方法是通过删除目录、库和二进制文件手动卸载软件。
手动删除软件是一项繁琐的工作，只有高级别的系统管理员才能胜任。本章各节将教你如何用特定方法安装软件，然后用同样的方法卸载软件。
在讨论安装和卸载软件之前，我将向你介绍如何更新系统。因为更新非常重要，所以值得首先讨论，而且由于更新系统的价值很高，所以应该在执行其他任务之前进行更新。在排除故障时，您应该始终更新系统，以检查简单的更新是否能解决您的问题。快速的系统更新可能会减轻为解决问题而删除或安装新软件的需要。
备注
本章中的所有演示和示例均使用 CentOS 8.3 (server1) 和 Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS (server2) 。我首先在server1 上执行所有任务，然后在server2 上执行，并注意两个系统之间的任何差异。 示例中使用的软件包是 Lynx，这是一款基于文本的轻量级浏览器。
更新系统
我在本书中多次提到要保持系统更新。 这是一项需要牢记的重要任务。它应该是你的首要任务之一。更新是标准维护的一部分。许多系统管理员每周都会进行更新，这是很好的做法。 但在需要时，也要毫不犹豫地应用补丁、更新和升级，以减少漏洞。安全是重中之重。以下两节将说明如何在系统中应用更新。
应用基于 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 的系统更新
基于 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 的系统使用 YUM/DNF 实用程序来维护更新和软件库中的软件安装。摘自Red Hat 官方文档：
YUM/DNF (yum/dnf) 是从 Red Hat 官方软件源以及其他第三方软件源中获取、安装、删除、查询和管理 Red Hat Enterprise Linux RPM 软件包的主要工具。YUM/DNF 用于 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 及更新版本。
DNF 是该工具最新的版本，因此我将两者合并在一起。根据文档，DNF 是 YUM 第 4 版，是从 Red Hat EnterpriseLinux 第 8 版开始使用的工具。要开始更新，请执行yum 或dnf 命令：
$ sudo yum update Last metadata expiration check: 1:52:37 ago on Sun 07 Nov 2021 07:14:51 PM CST. Dependencies resolved. ================================================================================= Package Architecture ...
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